Chapter 2: Theory, Research, and Evidence-Informed Practice
Which is a focus of medical research rather than nursing research?
Drug metabolism
Which activity best helps the nurse apply theory to practice? Case management Theory development Client-focused care Evidence-based research
Evidence-based research
What is the central theme of Florence Nightingale's nursing theory? -Humans are in a constant relationship with stressors in the environment. -Nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal, and goal-oriented process. -Meeting the personal needs of the client within the environment. -Nursing is an art.
Meeting the personal needs of the client within the environment.
What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered? Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. Nursing care now incorporates research studies into client care. Nurses now spend time looking up the best way to give nursing care. Nurses now have to take part in research.
Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care.
Knowledge gained from someone with a great deal of perceived experience is which type of knowledge? -Authoritative knowledge -Scientific knowledge -Traditional knowledge -Philosophy knowledge
Authoritative knowledge
A group of objects with relationships is which? -Inductive reasoning -Theory -Concept -Deductive reasoning
Concept
A nursing theory differs from a theoretical framework in which way? Ideas about aggregates are described Concepts are in a meaningful configuration Cause and effect of nursing actions are described Concepts and propositions are more specific
Concepts and propositions are more specific
A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "My grandmother always told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what? Authoritative knowledge Scientific knowledge Traditional knowledge Philosophical knowledge
Traditional knowledge
A nurse is developing a foreground question for nursing research using the PICO model. Which component would be represented by the statement, "a 45-year-old male with coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation"?
P
A nurse working in a long-established hospital learned a specific approach to administering intravenous injections from the previous generation of nurses at the hospital. This is an example of which type of knowledge? -Philosophy knowledge -Traditional knowledge -Authoritative knowledge -Scientific knowledge
Traditional knowledge
From 1900 to 1940, research in nursing focused on: -cost-effectiveness of nursing care. -improving client care outcomes. -nursing education and teaching. -increasing workforce in the nursing profession.
nursing education and teaching.
Which group of nurses would be least likely involved in direct research? Select all that apply. -Nurse Practitioners -Student nurses -Clinical Nurse Specialists -Novice nurses -Nurses at the PhD level
-student nurses -novice nurses
A nurse researcher is examining the cause-and-effect relationship between the consumption of tap water containing minimal amounts of bleach, and the incidence of cancer in rats. The research is taking place in a laboratory setting. What type of quantitative research is being used based upon this description? Quasi-experimental research Experimental research Descriptive research Correlational research
Experimental research
In order for the nurse to be able to apply the knowledge that has been obtained in the formal education process, which theory would best break whole concepts into parts and then determine how the parts would work together as a whole? General systems theory Adaptation theory Developmental theory Theory of human needs
General systems theory
Which aspect of the nursing research process addresses a client's understanding of the potential risks and benefits of the study? -Giving the client the opportunity to ask questions about the study -Obtaining the client's signature on a permission document -Undergoing the informed consent process with the client -Meeting with the hospital's institutional review board (IRB)
Undergoing the informed consent process with the client
A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as:
adults
An abstract idea or object that relates to other abstract ideas or objects is which? Theory Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Concept
concept
The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established following a study in 1983. The center's purpose is to: investigate and expand nursing theory. evaluate the effect of current research. advance the level of nursing research funding. promote research for health promotion.
promote research for health promotion
Which types of knowledge are subjective? (Select all that apply.) Scientific method Evidence-based practice Traditional knowledge Scientific knowledge Authoritative knowledge
traditional knowledge authoritative knowledge
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: -evaluation by experts to direct care in specialty areas. -cost efficiency of treatment models. -care based on pathophysiologic factors. -use of outcome studies to guide decisions.
use of outcome studies to guide decisions.
Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge? -Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. -Nursing research explains ongoing medical studies to clients, and asks for participation. -Nursing research involves clients in their care while hospitalized. -Nursing research draws conclusions about the quality of client care.
Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health.
A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research? Quantitative research Applied research Qualitative research Basic research
Quantitative research
A novice nurse is sharing a newly published research article which outlines a different approach in preventing a wound infection after surgery with a colleague and states the nurse is going to try this new method. Which is the best response from the colleague? -Wait until the method is analyzed to ensure it will be appropriate for their clients. -Suggest they conduct their own research to determine if it will work with their clients. -Help share the information with other staff members so all can use the new technique. -Agree the method should be used immediately with their own clients.
Wait until the method is analyzed to ensure it will be appropriate for their clients.
When a researcher begins to form plans for a research project, the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection of narrative data and the analyses would select which of the following methods of research? Applied research Basic research Qualitative research Quantitative research
Qualitative research
A nurse researcher who plans to collect and analyze data for the purpose of improving clinical practice should select which method of research? Quantitative research Qualitative research Basic research Applied research
Applied research
A nurse researcher who plans to collect and analyze data for the purpose of creating a new theory should select which type of research? -Qualitative research -Applied research -Basic research -Quantitative research
Basic research
Which is true of concepts? -Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and the relationships among them. -Concepts provide a means of testing knowledge. -Concepts are derived through deductive and inductive reasoning. -Concepts differentiate nursing from other disciplines.
Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and the relationships among them.
A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in preparation for conducting a research study. The question is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared with other frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the statement reflects the "O"? Replacing administration sets at other intervals Replacing administration sets every 72 hours Clients with intravenous catheters Decrease infection rates
Decrease infection rates
The nurse is reading about nursing theorists for a class. The theory reveals the following, "Individuals who use self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects." Which individual developed this theory? Sister Callista Roy Virginia Henderson Florence Nightingale Dorothea Orem
Dorothea Orem
What nursing activity forms the bridge between theory and practice? Theoretical writing Case management Client-focused care Evidence-based research
Evidence-based research
A nurse who works in a pediatric practice assesses the developmental level of children of various ages to determine their psychosocial development. These assessments are based on the work of: Maslow. Erikson. Rogers. Watson.
Erikson.
When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process? -Appraising evidence -Evaluating practice change -Formulating a clinical question -Searching the literature
Evaluating practice change
A nurse researcher is involved in an experimental research study. Which component would the nurse researcher manipulate? -Data analysis -Dependent variable -Independent variable -Research design
Independent variable
What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered? -Nurses now spend time looking up the best way to give nursing care. -Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. -Nurses now have to take part in research. -Nursing care now incorporates research studies into client care.
Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care.
What was the focus of nursing research during the first half of the twentieth century,? -Client care -Treatment issues -Nursing education -Available nurse supply
Nursing education
Which is most similar to a nursing model? -Nursing theory -Adaptation -Proposition -Nursing construct
Nursing theory
Which theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice? Nursing theory Developmental theory Systems theory Adaptation theory
Nursing theory
A group of nurses is planning to investigate the effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which element will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to? -Preventing skin breakdown -Clients who have experienced a stroke -Turning clients more frequently -The currently used turning schedule
Preventing skin breakdown
What type of research study would a hospital conduct to explore clients' and families' perceptions of receiving care? Nonscientific Ordinal Quantitative Qualitative
Qualitative
The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic? -Quantitative research -Delphi study -Methodologic survey -Qualitative research
Qualitative research
A nurse is planning to participate in a research project and is looking for information about what is already known about the topic. The nurse is involved in which step of the research process? -Scientific literature review -Identification of theoretical framework -Problem area identification -Problem statement formulation
Scientific literature review
To ensure that a research study is ethical, a nurse researcher must observe which human rights for participants? Select all that apply. Anonymity Privacy Cure for illness Fair treatment Self-determinism
Self-determinism Privacy Anonymity Fair treatment
The nurse is preparing to submit a research project to the institutional review board (IRB). The nurse understands that if the IRB were to reject the research project, it would most likely be for which reason? The proposed data collection method is invalid. The research is unlikely to be publishable in a peer-reviewed journal. The estimated cost of conducting the research is excessive. The project lacks sufficient safeguards to protect human subjects.
The project lacks sufficient safeguards to protect human subjects.
Who is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment? -Lydia Hall -Dorothea Orem -Sister Callista Roy -Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale
The student nurse is combing through various medical websites searching for information to answer a research question for a class assignment. Which note(s) would indicate the nurse is referencing a reputable website? Select all that apply. List of references Site reviewed last year Need to find sponsor Author's email address Dr. J.C. lead investigator
List of references Site reviewed last year Author's email address
The focus of nursing is always on which of the four common concepts in nursing theory? Environment Nursing Person Health
Person
The process of considering an idea as a whole and then dividing it into smaller, more specific ideas is which? Theory Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Concept
deductive reasoning
One of the primary reasons for conducting nursing research is to: prevent further disease and death. generate knowledge to guide practice. determine outcomes for clients. quantify outcomes related to clients.
generate knowledge to guide practice.
A nurse is reviewing nursing theory for usefulness in a home healthcare setting. Which is the appropriate application of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model in a home healthcare setting? -Monitor therapeutic interventions in the client's home. -Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions. -Assist the client to conserve and maintain principles of personal and social integrity. -Counsel client on methods to adapt to current state to reduce stress.
Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions.
A nurse develops the following foreground question using the PICOT format in preparation for a research study: "In overweight clients, how do chromium supplements compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which part of the question reflects the intervention? -Chromium supplements -Overweight clients -No supplements -Weight loss
Chromium supplements
Which could be considered an example of a qualitative research project? A member of a nursing research team is interested in the prevalence of anemia in a group of clients with Crohn disease. This researcher is looking at the serum hemoglobin and ferritin levels of these clients. A nurse is a member of the wound care team on an inpatient floor in the hospital. The nurse is collecting data for a research project that is interested in uptake of information given to clients by nurses. The nurse is giving clients a quiz about the information both before client education occurs and afterward. A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic. A BSN student is looking at the prevalence of alcohol hand sanitizer use on an adult medical floor. The student is collecting data by observing nurses going in and out of rooms and noting how often they use hand sanitizer and how often they do not.
A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic.
A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client? -Set up diabetic home meal delivery for the client. -Authorize an unlicensed nursing personnel to cook for the client. -Assist the spouse with online grocery shopping. -Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian.
Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian.
Which theory emphasizes the relationships between the whole and the parts, and describes how parts function and behave? Nursing theory General systems theory Developmental theory Adaptation theory
General systems
The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. To complete a systematic review of the literature, what must the nurse do? -Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. -Ask a question about a clinical practice. -Provide a statical analysis for studies. -Recommend best practices for client care.
Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice.
