Chapter 2 World History

Which book is Mary Wollstonecraft known for?

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman EXPLANATION: Mary Wollstonecraft felt a woman should decide for herself what was in her own interest, and in her book she called for equal education of girls and boys.

The nation's first constitution was known as the

Articles of Confederation. EXPLANATION: The newly independent Americans created a constitution, the Articles of Confederation, which proved to be too weak for the new United States.

_________ was a philosopher, scientist, publisher, legislator, and diplomat.

Benjamin Franklin EXPLANATION: Benjamin Franklin was a man of many talents and professions, and was a popular figure for his intellect and wit both in the United States and abroad.

Why did the American colonists resent British rule?

Britain imposed high taxes and controlled trade. EXPLANATION: To help pay the costs of the Seven Years' and French and Indian Wars, Parliament passed the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, and a Declaratory Act over the colonists.

During the Enlightenment, the ideas from the Middle Ages were done away with because

they seemed unscientific and irrational. EXPLANATION: A society based on divine-right rule, a strict class system, and a belief in heavenly reward for earthly suffering did not seem reasonable to Enlightenment thinkers.

Why did Parliament pass the Navigation Acts in the 1600s?

to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing EXPLANATION: Britain was attempting to strengthen its economy by exporting more than it imported. The Navigation Acts were in place to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing.

__________ toyed with implementing Enlightenment ideas while ruling Russia.

Catherine the Great EXPLANATION: Catherine the Great, an enlightened despot who ruled Russia, implemented some Enlightenment ideas, such as abolishing torture, but kept a firm grip on her powers as empress.

Rulers who did accept some of the new ideas of the Enlightenment, but who continued to hold tremendous power, were called

Enlightened despots. EXPLANATION: Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change were known as enlightened despots.

Why was the American victory in the 1777 Battle of Saratoga significant?

France was persuaded to join the Americans. EXPLANATION: Because the French saw that the Americans could in fact defeat the British in battle, they were persuaded to join in the fight against their old rival.

Which foreign nations came to the aid of the Americans during the American Revolution?

France, Spain, and the Netherlands EXPLANATION: France initially provided support to the Americans following the American victory at Saratoga, and the Netherlands and Spain lent their support following the French example.

Who were the physiocrats?

French thinkers who focused on economics EXPLANATION: The physiocrats claimed that their ideas about economic reforms were based on the natural laws of economics.

Who described the era of the 1700s as "enlightened"?

Immanuel Kant

Who ruled Austria during the Age of Enlightenment, ending censorship and abolishing serfdom during his reign?

Joseph II EXPLANATION: Joseph II began to modernize Austria's government despite opposition. He supported religious equality, ended censorship, sold property of many monasteries not devoted to humanist ends and gave it to those who were, and even abolished serfdom.

Which term describes the love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge?

Philosophy, is the love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge.

How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's beliefs differ from many Enlightenment thinkers?

Rousseau believed the good of the community as a whole was most important. EXPLANATION: Rousseau believed in the "general will" or best conscience of the people, and that community should be placed above individual interests.

How did the French government react to the publication of the first Encyclopedia?

The French government argued that it was an attack on public morals. EXPLANATION: The articles in the Encyclopedia were written by several leading thinkers of the day who attacked some government practices and promoted radical ideas

What difficulty did some women have with the philosophes' ideas?

The philosophes' slogan, "free and equal," did not apply to women.

What difficulty did some women have with the philosophes' ideas?

The philosophes' slogan, "free and equal," did not apply to women. EXPLANATION: Although the philosophes said women had natural rights, those rights were restricted to home and family.

Who is the author of Leviathan?

Thomas Hobbes outlined his ideas in a work titled Leviathan.

Who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson EXPLANATION: A young Thomas Jefferson was assigned the task of composing the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress in 1776.

After signing which of the following documents did Great Britain recognize the independence of the United States?

Treaty of Paris EXPLANATION: Two years after the British defeat at Yorktown, the British signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the war and recognizing the independence of the United States.

"My trade is to say what I think." Who said this?

Voltaire EXPLANATION: Voltaire, probably the most famous of the philosophes, used biting wit to expose the abuses of his day.

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan. Believed in a powerful government and that people were bad by nature and would fight, rob and kill one another without strict laws.

Where did the British war effort finally collapse?

Yorktown, Virginia EXPLANATION: Washington forced the surrender of the British army at Yorktown, Virginia, and two years later the British signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the war.

Which phrase best describes the principle of popular sovereignty?

all government power comes from the people EXPLANATION: Popular sovereignty is the principle which states that all government power comes from the people.

John Locke

believed people were basically reasonable and moral. Titled work "Twp

Governments used __________ to protect themselves from the attacks of Enlightenment thinkers.

censorship EXPLANATION: Censorship, or restricting access to ideas and information, was used by governments to protect themselves from the attacks of Enlightenment thinkers.

Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy of

laissez faire. EXPLANATION: Physiocrats urged a policy of laissez faire, allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.

According to laissez-faire economist Adam Smith, a government should

let free market forces drive the economy. EXPLANATION: In The Wealth of Nations, Smith tried to show how manufacturing, trade, wages, profits, and economic growth were all linked to the market forces of supply and demand.

Which phrase best describes the rococo style?

lighter, elegant, and charming artistic style of the Enlightenment EXPLANATION: Unlike the heavy splendor of baroque art, rococo art moved away from religion and was lighter, elegant, and charming.

Which phrase best describes the concept of natural law?

rules discoverable by reason EXPLANATION: Natural law, or rules discoverable by reason, govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism.

Natural Law

rules of conduct discoverable by reason.

Which group of people did Montesquieu's ideas affect most?

the Framers of the U.S. Constitution EXPLANATION: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison would eventually incorporate Montesquieu's ideas in the U.S. Constitution.

What event revolutionized thinking and led to the Enlightenment?

the Scientific Revolution EXPLANATION: The scientific discoveries of the 1500s and 1600s led Europeans to believe in the power of reason. Science was transforming how people looked at the world.