chapter 20 bio

competitive exclusion occurs when a.a species is eliminated from a community because of competition b.new species enter an ecosystem because one of the original species died off. c.species reproduce in increasing numbers because more food is available d.all of the above

A. a species is eliminated from a community because of competition

Which of the following is not a characteristic of pioneer species? a. They are small. b. They grow quickly. c. They reproduce slowly. d. They disperse many seeds

c. They reproduce slowly.

4. Which of the following is an example of mimicry? a. a poisonous species that looks frightening b. coloration that causes an animal to blend in with its habitat c. a harmless species that resembles a poisonous species d. similarly colored body parts on two poisonous species

c. a harmless species that resembles a poisonous species

An area that is in the early stages of secondary succession will typically contain a. perennial shrubs. c. annual grasses. b. rock lichens. d. evergreen trees.

c. annual grasses.

Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in diagram 1 is a. commensalism. c. mutualism. b. competition. d. parasitism

c. mutualism.

The relationship between flowering plants and the bees that pollinate them is an example of a. commensalism. c. mutualism. b. competition. d. parasitism

c. mutualism.

secondary succession : cleared forest :: a. pile of rock and gravel : secondary succession b. secondary succession : bare soil c. primary succession : new volcanic island d. succession : the absence of plants

c. primary succession : new volcanic island

Which of the following types of succession would most likely occur after a forest fire? a. primary succession c. secondary succession b. old field succession d. climax succession

c. secondary succession

When settlers arrived in New England, many forests were turned into agricultural fields. Eventually, some fields were abandoned and then grew back into forests. This is best described as a. primary succession. c. secondary succession. b. coevolution. d. niche realization.

c. secondary succession.

Refer to the chart above. The table represents three types of a. competition. c. symbiosis. b. rhythmic patterns. d. secondary succession

c. symbiosis.

Succession is a. an organism's ability to survive in its environment. b. the number of species living in an ecosystem. c. the regular progression of species replacement in an environment. d. the transfer of energy through a food chain.

c. the regular progression of species replacement in an environment.

Refer to the illustration above. An ecosystem located along the equator would probably a. have a shorter growing season than an ecosystem at 30° north or south latitude. b. contain fewer species than an ecosystem at 30° north or south latitude. c. have higher species richness than an ecosystem at 30° north or south latitude. d. have less rainfall than an ecosystem at 30° north or south latitude.

c.have higher species richness than an ecosystem at 30° north or south latitude.

The symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor suffers harm is called ____________________.

commensalism

The struggle among organisms for the same limited natural resources is called ____________________.

competition

Generally, the closer an ecosystem is to the equator, a. the longer its growing season. c. the warmer its temperature. b. the greater its species richness. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Parasites, a. coevolve with their hosts. b. are usually smaller than their hosts. c. rarely kill their hosts. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Following are the latitudes of four cities. Near which city would you predict to find the greatest number of wild species? a. Berlin, Germany (52°32´ N) b. Montreal, Canada (45°0´ N) c. Denver, Colorado (39°44´ N) d. Brisbane, Australia (27°30´ S)

d. Brisbane, Australia (27°30´ S)

The relationship between a predator and its prey is best illustrated by, a. a snake eating a bird b. a fox eating a mouse c. a lion eating a zebra d. a zebra eating grass

d. a zebra eating grass

characteristics that enable plants to protect themselves from herbivores include a. thorns and prickles b.sticky hairs and tough leaves c.chemical defenses d.all of the above

d. all of the above

Refer to the chart above. Which pair of organisms generally exhibits the type of relationship described in line 1 of the table? a. coyotes and the sheep that the coyotes eat b. bats that eat fruit and birds that eat the same fruit c. parasitic worms and the white-tailed deer that the worms infect d. hummingbirds that drink flower nectar and the flowering plants that produce the nectar

d. hummingbirds that drink flower nectar and the flowering plants that produce the nectar

Which of the following usually results when members of different species require the same food and space? a. primary succession b. primary competition c. secondary succession d. interspecific competition

d. interspecific competition

commensalism : one organism :: a. parasitism : both organisms b. predation : neither organism c. mutualism : one organism d. mutualism : both organisms

d. mutualism : both organisms

Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in diagram 4 is a. commensalism. c. mutualism. b. competition. d. parasitism

d. parasitism

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a stable community? a. resistance to outbreaks of insect pests b. the ability to recover rapidly from a drought c. a high species richness d. the absence of disturbances

d. the absence of disturbances

Sea stars are strong predators of marine organisms such as clams and mussels. An ecologist studying an ocean ecosystem performed an experiment in which the sea stars were removed from the ecosystem. After the removal of the sea stars, a. the ecosystem became more diverse. b. food webs in the ecosystem became more complex. c. the size of the ecosystem was reduced. d. the number of species in the ecosystem was reduced.

d. the number of species in the ecosystem was reduced.

Species evenness is a measure of a. the number of different species in a community. b. the total number of individuals in a community. c. the number of plant species relative to the number of animal species in a community. d. the relative abundance of different species in a community.

d. the relative abundance of different species in a community.

Stable communities are less likely to be greatly affected by ____________________.

disturbances disturbance

In a parasitic relationship, the organism that provides a benefit to another organism at its own expense is called the ____________________.

host

The presence of colored bands on the body of a harmless king snake that resemble the bands on a poisonous coral snake is an example of ____________________.

mimicry

A fish called a cleaner wrasse eats the tiny parasites that cling to and feed upon much larger fish. This activity benefits both kinds of fish. Therefore, the cleaner wrasse has a(n) ____________________ relationship to the larger fish

mutualistic

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and another is often harmed but not killed is called ____________________.

parasitism

The general term for the relationship in which one organism eats another is ____________________.

predation

The sequential establishment of populations in an area that has not previously supported life is called _________________________.

primary succession

To protect themselves from predators, some plants produce chemicals called ____________________ compounds as a byproduct of their metabolism.

secondary

Secondary succession is typically completed in less time than primary succession because there is already ____________________ present in the habitat.

soil

The tendency of a community to maintain relatively constant conditions is called ____________________.

stability

A close relationship between two dissimilar organisms is called ____________________.

symbiosis

Cattle egrets are birds that mostly feed on insects that have been disturbed by grazing cattle. The cattle are neither helped nor harmed by the presence of the egrets. This relationship is an example of a. commensalism. c. mutualism. b. competition. d. parasitism.

a. commensalism

Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in diagram 3 is a. commensalism. c. mutualism. b. competition. d. parasitism.

a. commensalism

In his experiments with two species of paramecia, George F. Gause proved that two competitors cannot coexist on the same limited resources. This outcome demonstrated the principle of a. competitive exclusion. b. secondary succession. c. intraspecific competition. d. symbiosis.

a. competitive exclusion.

3. A tick feeding on a human is an example of. a. parasitism. b. mutualism. c. competition. d. commensalism.

a. parasitism

primary succession : areas of no previous plant growth :: a. secondary succession : abandoned farm fields b. rain forest : a desert c. farm field : a desert d. secondary succession : bare rock

a. secondary succession : abandoned farm fields

Secondary succession occurs a. as one generation of organisms replaces the previous one. b. as a previously existing community is replaced. c. after a new food web is established. d. All of the above

b. as a previously existing community is replaced.

Refer to the chart above. The relationship described in line 2 in the table is called a. parasitism. c. mutualism. b. commensalism. d. predation.

b. commensalism

Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in diagram 2 is a. commensalism. c. mutualism. b. competition. d. parasitism

b. competition

Refer to the illustration above. Because the two species of barnacles attempt to use the same resources, they are a. in a parasitic relationship. b. in competition with one another. c. in a mutualistic relationship. d. in symbiosis with one another.

b. in competition with one another.

The end stage of primary succession in a northern latitude would be characterized by the predominance of a. lichens. b. needle-leaved evergreen trees. c. small plants and shrubs. d. All of the above

b. needle-leaved evergreen trees.

Area that is in the early stages of primary succession will typically contain a. perennial shrubs. c. annual grasses. b. rock lichens. d. evergreen trees.

b. rock lichens.

Refer to the illustration above. The transformation over time shown in the diagram is known as a. stability. c. symbiosis. b. succession. d. species richness.

b. succession. d. species richness.

____________________ species are adapted for growing well in habitats where other species are not yet present.

Pioneer