Chapter 20 Biology

Prokaryote

Unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus.

Antibiotic

A group of drugs used to block the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens.

List 3 ways bacterial growth can be controlled

Amount of nutrients, temperature, and disinfectant.

What is meant by the term emerging disease?

An unknown disease that appears in a population for the fist time or a well known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control.

Prokrayotes that thrive in oxygen-free environments are called:

Anaerobes

Which of the following can be helpful in treating bacterial disease but not girl diseases?

Antibiotics, kill only bacteria but not viruses.

Which prokaryote is rod shaped?

Baciilis

Explain what a prophage is:

Bacteriophage DNA that is embedded in the bacterial host's DNA.

Prophage

Bacteriophage DNA, that is embedded in the bacterial host's DNA.

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by:

Binary Fission

Which prokaryote is sphere shaped?

Cocci

Pathogen

Disease-causing agent

Examples of emerging diseases in America

E. Coli, MRSA, and the West Nile Virus.

Describe the sequence of events that occur during a lytic infection:

First the virus enters the bacterial cell, then makes a copy of itself. The virus then causes the cell to burst and spread.

The process of converting nitrogen into a form plants can use is known as:

Fixation

Viruses typically cause disease by:

Infecting and then destroying cells

Bacteriophage

Kind of virus that infects bacteria.

Prokaryotes are unlike all other organisms in that their cells:

Lack nuclei

What are the 2 distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotes?

Lack nuclei, and are unicellular.

What characteristics do all viruses have in common?

Nucleic acids, and non-living.

Virus

Particle made of proteins, nucleic acid, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells.

Which of the following scientists is responsible for developing the germ theory of disease?

Pasteur

Disease causing organisms are known as:

Pathogens

Vaccine

Preparation of weakened or killed pathogens used to produced immunity to a disease.

How do misfolded prions cause disease?

Prions are misfiled proteins in the brain that cause a chain reaction of misfiling in other normal proteins that contact, eventually clogging the brain tissue on and causing disease.

Conjugation

Process in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information.

Capsid

Protein coat surrounding a virus.

Prion

Protein particles that cause disease.

Retrovirus

RNA virus that contains RNA as its genetic information.

One group of viruses that contain RNA as their genetic information is the:

Retroviruses

Describe 2 methods by which prokaryotes move?

Slime or with their flagellum.

Describe the 3 main cell shapes of prokaryotes:

Sprilla

Endospore

Structure produced by prokaryotes in unfavorable conditions: a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm.

How are capsid proteins important to the way a virus can function?

The protein binds to receptors on the surface of a cell and trick the cell into allowing it inside then releases its viral genes.

Binary Fission

Type of asexual production in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells.

Lysogenic Infection

Type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell's DNA.

Lytic Infection

Type of infection in which a virus enters a cell; makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst and spread.

What is the best way for people to protect themselves against most viral diseases?

Vaccines, not be around something with viral disease.

Particles made up of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells are called:

Viruses