Chapter 20: Blood Vessels and Circulation

highest BP to lowest BP

1. aorta (highest) 2. systemic artery 3. capillary 4. venue 5. systemic vein 6. superior vena cava (lowest)

list the artery through which RBC must travel to get from the left ventricle to the tongue starting with the aortic arch

1. aortic arch 2. brachiocephalic trunk 3. right common carotid artery 4. external carotid artery 5. lingual artery

pathways of blood from the heart to forehead

1. aortic arch 2. brachiocephalic trunk 3. right common carotid artery 4. internal carotid artery 5. ophthalmic artery

principle regions of the aorta in order of blood flow from the heart

1. ascending aorta 2. aortic arch 3. descending aorta 4. thoracic aorta 5. abdominal aorta

arteries of upper limb most proximal to distal

1. axillary arteries 2. brachial arteries 3. radial artery 4. deep palmar arch

branches of the aortic arch in order from the most proximal branch to the most distal:

1. brachiocephalic trunk 2. left common carotid 3. left subclavian

arteries that branch off aorta; superior to inferior

1. celiac trunk 2. superior mesenteric artery 3. renal artery 4. gonadal artery 5. common iliac artery

list the order of veins as blood would flow from the foot to the interior vena cava

1. dorsal venous arch 2. great saphenous vein 3. external iliac vein 4. common iliac vein 5. inferior vena cava

veins smallest to largest

1. post capillary venules 2. muscular venules 3. medium viens 4. venous sinuses 5. large veins

blood flow through the pulmonary circuit

1. right ventricle 2. pulmonary trunk 3. pulmonary arteries 4. lobar arteries 5. aviolar capillaries 6. pulmonary vein 7. left atrium 8. left ventricle

chemical that increases urine output is called

a diuretic

a 3-fold increase in the radius of a blood vessel will produce which of the following:

an 81- fold increase in flow

collateral route of blood supplied to a tissue

anastomosis

the growth of new blood vessels is known as

anglogenesis

chemicals given off by a systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues often include which:

antibodies, hormones, glucose, oxygen

the thorax receives blood from the several arteries which arise directly from which of the following?

aorta

the left common carotid artery branches directly from which blood vessel

aortic arch

which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart

arteries

a small resistance artery that empties into a capillary is called a.....

arterioles

the term microvascular refers to which of the following

arterioles, venues, capillaries

the _______ aorta rises from the left ventricle while the _______ aorta passes downward through the thoracic and abdominal cavities

ascending; descending

growth in lipid deposits in arterial walls

athersclerosis

the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotor or abiogenesis is known as

autoregulation

vein that is formed by the union of the brachial and basilica veins

axillary vein

a ____________ is an autonomic, negative feedback response to changes in the blood pressre

baroreflex

the effects of a stroke or cerebrovascular accident can include:

blindness, paralysis, loss of sensation, loss of speech

arteries, capillaries, and veins are the three primary categories of....

blood vessels

the __________ trunk branches into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery

brachiocephalic

the superior vena cava is formed by the union of the two _____________ veins

brachiocephalic

which category includes the smaller blood vessels?

capillaries

blood flow is the slowest in which blood vessel

capillary

the narrowest type of vessel in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems that engages in fluid exchanges with surrounding tissue is called a ......

capillary

capillaries are organized into networks called:

capillary beds

an ordan or cell specialized to detect chemicals is called a .......

chemoreceptor

consequences of edema

circulatory shock, tissue death

forces that oppose hydrostatic pressure

colloid osmotic pressure

all of the following are arterial pressure points that are easily palpated except:

common iliac

_______ pressure is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during the ventricular relaxation between heartbeats

diastolic

molecules spontaneously move down their concentration gradient during....

diffusion

arteries that are muscular or medium sized arteries that deliver blood to specific organs are called

distributing arteries

the capillary wall consists of which layers....

endothelium and basal lamina

hormones produces by adrenal glands and bind to beta-adrenergic

epinephrine and norepinephrine

hypercapnia

excess of CO2 in blood

what are arterial pressure points that are easily palpated?

femoral artery, radial artery, brachial artery, carotid artery

types of capillaries

fenestrated, sinusoids, continuous

a process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane is known as

filtration

the longest vein in the body is the

great saphenous vein

the _____ and _____ are drained mainly via 3 pairs of veins; the internal jugulars, external jugulars, and the vertebral veins.

head and neck

arterial sense organs monitor blood chemistry and blood pressure in order to help regulate?

heart and respiration rate

which term refers to all physical principles governing the flow of blood flow

hemodynamics

the physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall is called.....

hydrostatic pressure

chronic high blood pressure is known as

hypertension

shocks with their possible cause

hypovolemic--- severe dehydration obstructed venous return--- tumor growth neurogenic--- brainstem trauma septic--- bacterial infection

a deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is known as.....

hypoxia

antidiuretic hormone

increase BP by promoting water retention; acts as a vasoconstrictor at extremely high concentration

many veins have inholdings of the tunica _______ that forms valves directing blood towards the heart

interna

a general insufficient blood flow to a tissue is called

ischemia

hypotension

low resting BP

the common iliac arteries supply blood to the

lower limbs/ pelvic wall

the ________ artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, supplies blood to the teeth, maxilla, oral cavity, and external ear.

maxillary

vasoconstriction primarily results from the contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica ________

media

vasodilation primarily results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the tunica _______

media

vasomotor center located in the ______ ________

medulla oblongata

short vessels that link arterioles and capillaries are called

metaarterioles

what is the function of the arterial sense organs?

monitor BP, monitor blood chemistry

why is a lower BP in pulmonary circuit ideal?

more time for gas exchange

why are capillaries sometimes called the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system?

most exchange between the blood and the tissue fluid occurs across capillary walls

______ venules receive blood from post capillary venules

muscular

_________ venues receive blood from capillaries

postcapillary

which of these arteries that branch from the thoracic aorta, direct supply blood to the muscles, bones, and skin of the chest wall

posterior intercostal arteries, subcostal arteries, superior phrenic arteries

angiotensin II

potent vasoconstrictor that raises BP

natriuretic peptides

promotes Na+ excretion, which reduces blood volume and lowers BP

aldosterone

promotes Na+ retention, which increases blood volume and raises BP

the primary purpose of the ________ circuit is for the blood to release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen

pulmonary

which of the following is true about pulmonary circuit as compared to the systemic circuit?

pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood and veins carry oxygen-rich blood

the interosseous arteries of the forearm are located between the bones called the _____ and the _______

radius and ulna

functions of the endothelium

secrete chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction of the vessel, acts as selectively permeable barrier to mat entering, repels RBC and platelets retain flow

which tissues are found in the tunica interna?

simple squamous/ loose connective

identify the 3 primary branches of the celiac trunk

splenic artery, common hectic artery, left gastric artery

which of following can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane?

steroid hormones, carbon dioxide, oxygen

circle of willis (cerebral arterial circle)

supplies blood the brain

the ________ circuit supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs and removes their metabolic wastes

systemic

transient ischemic attacks are characterized by what

temporary dizziness, loss of vision/other senses weakness, paralysis, headache or aphasia

which mechanism of transport likely accounts for the smallest fraction of solute exchange across the capillary wall?

transcytosis

what are the 3 layers of the blood vessel wall?

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

among the arteries and veins, the ______ _______ is usually the thickest

tunica media

layer that inhibits vasoreflexes

tunica media

the type of blood vessels regarded as capacitance vessels are

veins

what carries blood BACK to the heart?

veins

which term refers to the flow back to the heart

venous circuit

post capillary _______ are the smallest of veins

venules

peripheral resistance is directly affected of which of the following?

vessel radius, blood viscosity, vessel length

list the arteries in order as they descend and supply blood to the lower limb:

-external iliac artery -femoral artery -popliteal artery -anterior tibial artery -dorsal petal artery

edema may be caused by what

-increased capillary filtration -obstructed lymphatic drainage -reduced capillary reabsorption

which statements are true regarding the inferior vena cava?

-inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the right an left common iliac veins -inf. v.c. is retroperitoneal -inf v.c. is the largest blood vessel in the body

venous return is achieved by which of the following mechanisms?

-muscle contraction (skeletal muscle pup) -gravity -cardiac suction -respiration (thoracic pump)

in what ways does the pulmonary circuit differ from systemic circuit

-pulmonary arteries have thinner, less elastic walls -bul. arteries carry oxygen-poor blood and veins carry oxygen-rich -less fluid gets "left behind" in the lungs -pulmonary arteries constrict in response to local hypoxemia

why is it important for conducting arteries to maintain elasticity

-their expansion reduces systolic stress on smaller arteries -their recoil helps maintain BP between heartbeats -their exp. and recoil helps keep blood flowing during diastole

artery to its description

-conducting; large, elastic arteries -distributing; medium sized, muscular arteries -resistance; small, too variable to be given individual names

capillary to its most likely location

-continuous capillaries---- most tissues (skeletal) -fenestrated----- organs that engage in rapid absorption or filtration of small molecules (small intestine/ kidneys) -sinusoids---- areas where large proteins and cells head to enter or leave the bloodstream (liver/spleen)