Chapter 20 Multiple Choice
In the beginning of the Early Modern Age, the relationship between Europeans and Africa and Africans was (A) often one of relative equality in which no one power was dominant. (B) one of mutual respect. (C) an inferior status with Europeans predominating. (D) dominated by superior European technology. (E) contentious and led to constant warfare
a
Usuman Dan Fodio's rebellion eventually led to the formation of what caliphal state? Select one: a. Sokoto b. Lesotho c. Kongo d. Sudan e. Benin
a
What was the African contribution to the "Colombian Exchange"? Select one: a. Slaves b. Manioc c. Potatoes d. Large mammals e. Tapioca
a
Which of the following statements about slavery in Europe before 1450 was most accurate? Select one: a. Slavery had died out in the Middle Ages in most of Europe except along the military frontier between Christians and Muslims in the Mediterranean. b. Europe had never had a tradition of slavery going back to the Roman Empire. c. Slavery was common to Europe in all eras prior to 1450, although it tended to become more dominant during the Middle Ages. d. During the Middle Ages, most European states took conquered people as slaves but only if they were Muslims. e. Slavery had been extensive in the ancient world, but had died out during the Middle Ages in all regions in the West.
a
Following the model established by the Portuguese, which of the following was NOT one of the principal patterns of European contact with Africa? Select one: a. A system of fortified trading stations b. Widespread European colonization c. Fair trade with native peoples for free-access goods d. The combination of force and diplomacy including alliances with local leaders e. The predominance of commercial relations
b
Portuguese missionaries were most successful in their activities in (A) Morocco. (B) Senegambia. (C) Benin. (D) Ghana. (E) the Zaire Region (Kongo)
b
The largest number of African slaves sent to the Americas went to (A) British and French islands of the Caribbean. (B) Brazil. (C) the slave states of the United States. (D) Central America. (E) the Spanish colonies along the Pacific coast.
b
The most important Portuguese trade fort or factory was located where? Select one: a. Sokoto b. El Mina c. Angola d. Zimbabwe e. Zambesi
b
The slave voyage to the Americas was referred to as the Select one: a. "Ocean Express." b. "Middle Passage." c. "American Tragedy." d. "Atlantic Mistral." e. "Rite of Passage."
b
The trans-Atlantic slave trade differed from the trans-Saharan slave trade to the Muslim world in that (A) the trans-Atlantic was less brutal than the trans-Saharan slave trade. (B) the trans-Saharan slave trade included women for domestic work and as concubines. (C) the Atlantic route transported whole families to the Americas, whereas the trans Saharan trade broke families up. (D) the trade to the Muslim world ended before the trans-Atlantic trade began. (E) more people were transported across the Sahara than across the Atlantic.
b
What area of Africa was least affected by the slave trade? Select one: a. The savanna and the Sudan b. Southern Africa c. West Africa d. Central and west Africa e. East Africa
b
What is the best estimate of the number of Africans shipped across the Atlantic between 1450 and 1850? Select one: a. 14 million b. 12 million c. 10 million d. 8 million e. 20 million
b
What was the average mortality rate for slaves shipped to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade? Select one: a. 10-15 percent b. 25-40 percent c. 55-65 percent d. 18-20 percent e. less than 10 percent
b
What was the term utilized for the commercial arrangement by which African slaves were shipped to the Americas, sugar and tobacco were carried to Europe, and European manufactured goods were transported to Africa? Select one: a. Mercantilism b. Triangular trade c. The "Atlantic Express" d. The "Colombian Exchange" e. The "Four Corners"
b
Which of the following statements concerning slave families is most accurate? Select one: a. The onerous conditions of slavery and the shortage of women resulted in the creation of artificial clans and extended lineages. b. Despite enormous difficulties, slaves continued to live in family units. c. The conditions of slavery destroyed family concepts among Africans in the New World. d. Family relations were stronger in the slave families than in the settler families. e. Lacking women, men substituted slave "fraternities" for the more traditional organization.
b
Which of the following statements concerning slavery on the continent of Africa before the arrival of the Europeans is most accurate? Select one: a. Most African societies were egalitarian—that is, most people enjoyed the same social status—and slavery was generally unknown. b. In many African societies, the control of slaves was one of the few ways in which individuals or lineages could increase their wealth and status. c. Slavery had virtually been abolished in Africa before the arrival of the Europeans due to tribal and clan conflicts. d. Slavery in Africa was restricted to those areas where Islamic influence had introduced the concept in the period after the 7th century. e. While common elsewhere in Africa, slavery was not common in the forest states of west Africa prior to the coming of the Europeans.
b
Which of the following statements concerning the Portuguese presence in east Africa is most accurate? Select one: a. Unlike the Portuguese settlements on the coast of western Africa, Mozambique became the basis for a large European colony. b. Portuguese bases in east Africa gave them access to the gold trade of east Africa, but they were unable to completely disrupt the Muslim trade with the region. c. The Portuguese presence was preceded by French and the English colonization movements. d. The Portuguese presence in east Africa precipitated the population movement among the Bantu that became the Mfecane. e. After the 1570s, the Portuguese gained complete control over the east African trade in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.
b
Which of the following statements concerning the ending of the slave trade is most accurate? Select one: a. In general the Enlightenment with its advocacy of free trade accepted the practice even if it did not approve of the slave trade. b. While it is true that legitimate products began to replace slaves in the European commerce with Africa, it is difficult to demonstrate a link between economic self-interest and the abolition of the slave trade. c. Leadership in the drive to abolish the slave trade was assumed by France. d. The end of the Atlantic slave trade in the 19th century led to the end of slavery in Africa itself. e. Rousseau and Smith favored the continuation of slavery but only under certain conditions.
b
Which of the following was NOT an African religion transported to the Americas? Select one: a. Vodun b. Asantehene c. Aja d. Obeah e. Candomble
b
With regard to the slave trade and slavery in Africa, contacts with the Europeans (A) decreased warfare between African states as Africans united against European slavers. (B) increased violence and the disruption of African societies. (C) led to the rise of a few, key African states that dominated the slave trade. (D) led to open warfare between Christians and Muslims for the control of the slave trade. (E) benefited most African states, which received high quality goods in exchange for slaves.
b
All of these popular movements affected Africa in the 19th century EXCEPT: (A) Europeans immigrated and settled the coasts of South Africa. (B) Boer farmers migrated from the Atlantic coasts to the interior of South Africa. (C) San and Khoikhoi migrated to Southwest Africa from Central Africa. (D) the Nguni peoples united under the Zulus and expanded their empire. (E) the Sultunate of Sokoto launched a series of jihads to spread Islam.
c
How were the British colonies of the southern Atlantic coast of North America different from the Latin American colonies? Select one: a. There was no slavery there. b. The British colonies were primarily industrial. c. The British colonies depended less on imported Africans because of the positive rate of growth among the slaves. d. Although urban slavery was common, there was no plantation agricultural system on the North American mainland. e. Manumission of slaves tended to be more common in the British colonies.
c
In what way did the trans-Saharan slave trade differ from that of the Atlantic slave trade? Select one: a. The Atlantic slave trade was carried out almost exclusively by Muslims. b. The trans-Saharan slave trade was carried out in much greater volume than the Atlantic slave trade. c. The trans-Saharan slave trade concentrated on women, but the Atlantic slave trade concentrated on young men. d. The African preference for retaining young male slaves to extend kinship lines implied that primarily women were available to the Atlantic trade, while men converted to Islam were more likely trade objects for the trans-Saharan trade. e. The trans-Saharan slave trade was much more arduous and cruel than the trans-Atlantic trade.
c
The first slaves brought directly to Portugal from Africa arrived in Select one: a. 1453. b. 1509. c. 1441. d. 1557. e. 1492.
c
The large numbers and high volume of Africans in the slave trade was necessary because (A) most Africans escaped from slavery before arriving in the Americas. (B) Muslim fleets patrolled the Atlantic coast of Africa and freed the slaves. (C) the mortality of slaves was high and their birth rate was low. (D) African slaves were also needed on estates in Europe after the Black Death. (E) European slavers also supplied Muslim and Asian markets
c
The slave trade out of Africa was controlled by (A) African trading guilds. (B) key African forest kingdoms such as Benin, Oyo, Ashante, and Kongo. (C) European slave traders and African rulers working jointly. (D) Muslim traders. (E) the Europeans, especially the Dutch and Portuguese.
c
The title given to the supreme civil and religious ruler of the Asante kingdom was Select one: a. Khoikhoi. b. swazi. c. asantehene. d. kowazi. e. bunyoro.
c
What was the average profitability of the English slave trade in the late 18th century? Select one: a. 15-20 percent b. Over 50 percent c. 5-10 percent d. 100 percent e. 25-30 percent
c
What was the impact of the Mfecane? Select one: a. It destroyed the Bantu peoples of eastern Africa. b. As a result, the Portuguese were able to absorb most of the east African Swahili trading cities. c. The resulting political disruption sent African groups fleeing before the Zulus into both Portuguese coastal regions and the Boer farms of southern Africa. d. The Boers were forced out of southern Africa. e. Greater cooperation between natives and settlers
c
Which of the following statements concerning resistance to slavery is most accurate? Select one: a. The only consistent location for slave resistance and rebellion was the British colonies of the southern Atlantic coast. b. Although there were one or two slave rebellions in isolated areas, in general there was no organized resistance to slavery. c. Recalcitrance, running away, and direct rebellion were present wherever slaves were employed. d. Few slaves ever rebelled against their captivity or their owners. e. Resistance to slavery was experienced on the mainland, but the plantation economies of the Caribbean suffered no rebellions.
c
Which of the following statements concerning the early Portuguese trade forts is most accurate? Select one: a. The Portuguese trade forts were the nodal points for colonial administration on the model of the American colonies. b. The Portuguese trade forts permitted the political control of much of the African interior. c. Most of the forts were established with the agreement or license of local rulers. d. Where Portuguese trade forts were established, large European colonies rapidly developed. e. They were intended as the first step toward inland colonization and domination.
c
How did the profitability of the slave trade compare to that of other contemporary business ventures? Select one: a. Profits from the slave trade in the 18th century were so lucrative that capital derived from the trade in human beings was used to capitalize the European Industrial Revolution. b. The slave trade was less profitable in the Sahara trade but extremely profitable for the Atlantic slave traders. c. The slave trade was less profitable on the whole than other business ventures because of the high costs and risks involved. d. The slave trade was little more profitable than most business activities of the age and was not a major source for the Industrial Revolution of Europe. e. The slave trade became increasingly dangerous and risky, so that by the 18th century its returns were minimal and most participants were bankrupted.
d
In 1652 what group established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope? Select one: a. The French Colonial Federation b. The Ottoman Empire c. The Royal African Company d. The Dutch East India Company e. The British East India Company
d
In 1818 who assumed leadership in the Zulu chiefdom of the Nguni people of southern Africa? Select one: a. Sokoto b. Agaja c. Usuman Dan Fodio d. Shaka e. Osei Tutu
d
In what century did the Atlantic slave trade reach its zenith in terms of numbers of Africans exported? Select one: a. 16th b. 17th c. 15th d. 18th e. 14th
d
The European slave trade out of Africa arose and expanded when (A) Europeans began to supply Muslim slave markets in the Middle East. (B) Europe conquered the coasts of West Africa. (C) gold was discovered in Iberia, necessitating greater numbers of laborers. (D) sugar plantations were established on the Atlantic islands and in the Americas. (E) Spain and Portugal launched their crusades against Muslim states in Africa.
d
The Muslim reform movement of the 1770s that swept through the trade networks in Senegambia and the western Sudan was what variant of Islam? Select one: a. Fatimid b. Nizari c. Ismaili d. Sufi e. Shi'a
d
The Spanish term for a healthy adult male slave was Select one: a. servus dei. b. calderon. c. creole. d. indies piece. e. mulatto.
d
Under whose rule was unity achieved among the numerous Akan clans of Asante? Select one: a. Usuman Dan Fodio b. Shaka c. Sotho d. Osei Tutu e. Agaja
d
What development led to an intensification of the Portuguese involvement in the African slave trade? Select one: a. Spanish reconquista and the establishment of New Granada b. The Black Death, which decreased the available supply of labor in Europe c. The growth of the Ottoman Empire d. The development of sugar plantations on the Atlantic island of Madeira e. The extension of the agricultural system in Europe
d
What was the demographic impact of the slave trade on Africa? Select one: a. The slave trade exported millions, but the loss was made up as a result of the natural prolificacy of the Africans. b. The African population grew as kingdoms had more slaves but was skewed toward an older population. c. Population in Africa seems actually to have grown, despite the number of men, women, and children exported to the Americas. d. The slave trade had the impact of skewing the population of central Africa in favor of a disproportional number of women. e. As a result of the slave trade, the population of Africa was only one-third of what it would have been without the export of men and women.
d
What was the political impact of the presence of Europeans on the African coast? Select one: a. States were more likely to form in the savanna regions of Africa. b. State formation in Africa took place on the Indian Ocean coast away from the trade routes established by the Europeans. c. Strong centralized states began to form on the coastline in close proximity to the European trade forts. d. West and central African kingdoms just inland from the forts began to redirect their trade and expand their influence. e. Europeans immediately divided up the entire continent and established colonies.
d
Which of the African kingdoms was most successfully converted to Christianity by Portuguese missionaries? Select one: a. Zimbabwe b. Luanda c. Sokoto d. Kongo e. Benin
d
Which of the following was a British opponent of the slave trade? Select one: a. William Penn b. John C. Calhoun c. John Wilkes d. William Wilberforce e. William Hanover
d
Which of the following was a large African state that developed in western Africa during the period of the Atlantic slave trade? Select one: a. Swazi b. Lesotho c. Mali d. Asante e. Zulu
d
Why were Africans sought for plantation labor in the Americas? Select one: a. Africans rapidly expanded their population in the Latin American colonies. b. Native Americans refused to perform the labor and were few in numbers. c. There was no other labor supply available in the Americas. d. West Africans were already familiar with metallurgy, herding, and intensive agriculture whereas Indians were not. e. Sugar was a crop native to Africa and exported to the Americas from there.
d
An example of the acceptance of Nilotic peoples as ruling dynasties among the Bantu was the Luo at Select one: a. Zanzibar. b. San. c. Benin. d. El Mina. e. Bunyoro.
e
How did the British organize the shipment of slaves to the Americas? Select one: a. In Britain, unlike elsewhere, the slave trade was carried out by uncontrolled private venture. b. The British refused to participate in the slave trade and attempted to intercept shipments of slaves to the Americas beginning in the 1660s. c. All merchant marine ships were used for this purpose under the guidance of the Ministry of Ships. d. The British government directly participated in the slave trade through use of the Royal Navy. e. In Britain, the chartered Royal African Company was granted a monopoly over the shipment of slaves to colonies in the Americas.
e
In what manner did the Portuguese seize most of the slaves that were transported from Africa? Select one: a. They captured them in raids into the African interior. b. They traded for slaves from other European powers such as France and England. c. As a result of the defeat of most of the African kingdoms, the Portuguese obtained a ready supply of slaves. d. They purchased them from the Muslim slave traders of the east African trading cities. e. They traded for them with African rulers.
e
In what way did the European slave trade enable centralizing states to expand more rapidly? Select one: a. The slave trade was restricted to the coasts, leaving the political units of interior Africa free of European interference. b. The Europeans rapidly created military alliances and added their armies to those of their slave-trading allies. c. The European slave trade weakened the states of central and western Africa, allowing the centralizing states of eastern Africa to expand without competition. d. The slave trade declined in the cross-Sahara trade routes leading to the introduction of stronger Muslim kingdoms. e. Slaves were traded for firearms that allowed expanding states to overpower their neighbors, resulting in more slaves.
e
On the east coast of Africa, the Swahili trading cities Select one: a. were decimated following European naval attacks. b. fell entirely within the orbit of the Portuguese global trade network. c. abandoned trade with Islam in favor of trade with the Europeans. d. were unique in Africa because of their refusal to participate in the slave trade. e. continued their commerce in the Indian Ocean with both the Portuguese and the Ottoman Turks.
e
One of the unique features of the east African coast that differed from west Africa was Select one: a. the existence of large European colonies. b. connection to global trade. c. the existence of the slave trade. d. the widespread appearance of epidemic disease. e. the establishment of plantations using African slave labor.
e
Slavery in the United States differed from slavery and the slave trade to the rest of the Americas in all of the following ways EXCEPT: (A) the slave trade to the United States was abolished after 1807. (B) the United States supported its need for slaves with second-generation slaves and internal trade. (C) American plantations grew cotton and tobacco instead of sugar. (D) the total slave population in the United States grew. (E) the death rate of slaves to brutality was higher in the United States.
e
South of their trade forts along the Gold Coast, the Portuguese established Luanda, which became the basis for the Portuguese colony of Select one: a. Lesotho. b. Kongo. c. Matabele. d. Kilwa. e. Angola.
e
Usuman Dan Fodio began a rebellion in what African kingdoms in 1804? Select one: a. Benin b. Kani c. Luanda d. Kongo e. Hausa
e
What European nation first established direct contact with black Africa? Select one: a. Spain b. Italy c. England d. France e. Portugal
e
What region in the Americas received more slaves than any other between 1550 and 1850? Select one: a. Mexico b. Bermuda c. The southern British colonies of North America d. The Caribbean e. Brazil
e
Which of the following statements concerning the shape of the commerce in African slaves is most accurate? Select one: a. The Atlantic trade drew its slaves almost exclusively from southern Africa until the 19th century. b. The emergence of the Atlantic slave trade caused the immediate end of the older trans-Saharan slave trade in the hands of the Muslims. c. Fewer slaves crossed the Atlantic than the Sahara due to the military needs of the Arabic kingdoms. d. The African states of the interior actively resisted the slave trade. e. The Atlantic slave trade drew slaves from across the African continent and its concentration shifted from Senegambia to central and western Africa over time.
e
Which of the following statements concerning the volume of the slave trade to the American colonies is most accurate? Select one: a. Demand for slaves continued to remain high due to the competing demand for slaves in Europe. b. The volume of the slave trade decreased as mortality rates increased and the American economy shifted to manufacturing. c. The volume of the slave trade dwindled rapidly after the 17th century because the plantation economies of the Americas collapsed. d. The shift from plantation economies to mining economies in which slaves were not utilized rapidly diminished the American demand for slaves. e. The high volume of the slave trade was a necessity because slave mortality was high and fertility was low leading to a loss of slave population.
e
Which of the following was NOT considered a factor in the development of large kingdoms in Africa? Select one: a. The use of firearms b. European demand for slaves c. Improved agriculture d. A population expansion that followed the diffusion of iron tools and improved agriculture e. The collapse of the Christian kingdom in Ethiopia in the face of Muslim advance
e
