Chapter 21: An Emerging World Power, 1877-1914 Copy

Queen Liliuokalani

- 1891: Became queen of Hawaii. Disliked the U.S., but wealthy sugarcane planters wanted the U.S. involved in Hawaii. - 1893: Wealthy sugar planters backed by U.S. marines forced the queen to give up her powers and asked the U.S. to annex Hawaii. Benjamin Harrison was president.

Open Door Policy

- 1899 - Addressed the issue of trade in/with China. All countries should be allowed to trade with China. - Talking to France, Britain, Japan, Germany, and Portugal. - President McKinley supported this policy, and Teddy Roosevelt supported it after McKinley was shot.

Boxer Rebellion

- 1900 - Secret Chinese societies wanted to end foreign control of China (kick out foreign companies and people). One of these groups was called the Boxers. - Boxers rose up to wipe out "foreign devils" and Christians (missionaries that traveled with merchants) in China. Killed 200 foreigners. - U.S. sent 5,000 marines to stop the Boxers, who had taken over diplomatic missions in China. First assertion of the Open Door Policy.

How did Theodore Roosevelt become president?

- 1900 Election: McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan but was assassinated 9 months after the election. - Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest person to become president.

Platt Amendment

- 1902 - Agreement signed between Cuba and the U.S. 1.) Cuba couldn't make treaties with other nations that could weaken it (could lead to conflict). 2.) Cuba must let the U.S. have naval bases in Cuba, so the U.S. built Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. 3.) Cuba couldn't borrow money from other nations. 4.) The U.S. could protect Cuba from other nations or rebels.

Columbia and the Panama Canal

- 1903: Panama was a Columbian province. - Roosevelt wanted to lease land in Panama to build a canal. Offered $10 million down payment and $250,000 yearly rent. Columbian government refused. - Roosevelt considered just taking over Panama.

The Russo-Japanese War

- 1904-1905 - Japan and Russia were fighting to gain land in and around China (Manchuria - had coal and oil). - 1904: Japanese attacked Russian war ships in this mostly naval war. Russia lost 5000+ sailors while Japan lost only 699. - 1905: Teddy Roosevelt convinced Russia to recognize Japan' territorial gains and persuaded Japan to stop fighting.

Roosevelt Corollary

- 1904: Announced by President Teddy Roosevelt as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. - U.S. act as "policemen" of the Caribbean and the Western Hemisphere in "flagrant cases of wrong-doing or impotence." - Unilateral declaration sanctioned only by American power and national interest and to prevent interference of European powers. - If anything happens in Western Hemisphere that militarily or financially affects U.S., U.S. can get involved.

Crisis in the Dominican Republic

- 1905: Dominican Republic fell behind in their loan payments to European nations, specifically Germany. - U.S. assumed responsibility for collecting the debt payments. Used the marines to do so. - Example of using the Roosevelt Corollary. If the U.S. hadn't intervened, European might have tried to capture the Dominican Republic.

Examples of U.S. Intervention

- 1905: Dominican Republic. Owed European countries money. - 1906: Cuba. Local rule was threatened and U.S marines were sent to restore order. - 1909: Nicaragua. Local rule was threatened. - 1911: Nicaragua. Bad finances. - 1916: Haiti. Bad finances and WWI.

Grover Cleveland v. McKinley Concerning Cuba

- Cleveland: Concerned with America's vital interests, not sentimental or philanthropic character. Cuban civil war was disrupting trade, destroying American property (especially sugar plantations), and could draw in other European powers. An unstable Cuba was incompatible with America's strategic interests, so he was fine with Spain putting down the rebellion. - McKinley: Same pragmatic approach but wanted to be tougher on Spain. Upset by their "uncivilized and humane conduct."

U.S. Intervenes in the Caribbean

- Did this to enforce order, forestal foreign intervention, and protect U.S. economic interests. - Intervened in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. - Before leaving, the U.S. would always train and fund a police force and military and sponsor an election to put a strong leader into power who supported American interests. Unfortunately, these leaders often established despotic rule.

Military Filibusters

- Expeditions to foreign countries to incite rebellion in hopes of gaining influence or economic profit. - Sometimes supported by U.S., sometimes by private organizations.

Filipino Reaction to American Takeover

- Filipino rebels attacked American soldiers. Revolted and used guerrilla warfare. - American General Arthur MacArthur was forced to set up re-concentration camps. Thousands of Filipinos died, but it wasn't as bad as Cuba. - U.S. introduced new schools, roads, railroads, and hospitals to win over the Filipinos. Anglo-Saxonism at work. - 1902: Conflict ended. U.S. allowed civilian Philippine government to be set up.

FDR

- First president to convince Central American republics that nonintervention was truly part of U.S. policy. - Ended all U.S. protectorates and developed military agreements with each to supply them with armaments and train officers. - Created trade system where Central American exports enjoyed privileged access to North American markets. Tariffs were lowered on U.S. imports.

U.S. Navy in the Spanish-American War

- Fleet was too small, so government hastily collected fleet of yachts, lake steamers, and commercial boats. - However, the seven battleships and armored cruisers easily out-matched Spain's ships.

U.S. Relations with Puerto Rico

- Foraker Act (1900): Allowed Puerto Ricans to elect local officials and govern themselves. - Jones Act (1917): Made Puerto Ricans citizens of the U.S.

Problems in Haiti

- Haiti had trouble keeping a president. Many of them were killed by mobs. - During WWI, President Wilson feared that Germany might try to occupy Haiti and threaten the sea route to the Panama Canal.

U.S. Relations with Japan

- Teddy Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for ending the Russo-Japanese War. - U.S. relations with Japan got worse. Japan had wanted to keep fighting and gain more land.

Building the Panama Canal

- "Canal Zone": The canal and the land around it full of military protection. - U.S. removed 240 million cubic yards of dirt. - 1999: U.S. gave the Panama Canal back to Panama.

President Roosevelt's Foreign Policy

- "Speak softly and carry a big stick." - Believed the U.S. had a duty to shape "less civilized" parts of the world (Anglo-Saxonism). Wanted the U.S. to become a world power. - 1901: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty between the U.S. and Britain gave the U.S. exclusive rights to build and control any proposed canal through Central America.

Monroe Doctrine

- 1823: John Quincy Adams persuaded President Monroe to articulate American national policy with respect to the Western Hemisphere. Adams wrote it. 1.) European powers cannot touch former Spanish colonies in Latin America that have fought for and gained independence. 2.) American continents no longer open to European colonization. 3.) U.S. will not interfere in the internal concerns of European nations.

When did the U.S. not expand and why?

- 1850-1880 - State Department tended to be inactive and exerted little control over either policy or its missions abroad. - Expansionist entusiasm from before and during Civil War expired. Despite claims of exclusivity in the Caribbean, U.S. stood by when French company started digging across Panama isthmus in 1880.

Matthew Perry and Japan

- 1854: U.S. sent Perry to negotiate trade treaty with Japan. Commanded four black ships led by the USS Powhatan and anchored at Edo (Tokyo) Bay. - Perry was 60 and had a long and distinguished naval career. Knew this mission was his most significant. - He brought a letter from President Millard Fillmore to the Emperor of Japan. Waited on his armed ship and refused to see lesser Japanese dignitaries. Only dealt with highest emissaries of the Emperor.

Alaska and American Samoa

- 1867: Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million (2 cents an acre). - Called "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox." - Also gave the U.S. American Samoa, an important coaling station on the way to Australia.

Cuban Revolt

- 1868: Cuban rebels led by poet Jose Marti declared their independence and tried to drive out the Spanish. Their attack failed. - Rebel group called Junta fled to the U.S. to plan a new attack. - 1895: Marti and the rebels launched a new attack. Marti was killed, but rebels gained control of the eastern half of Cuba and set up "The Republic of Cuba" free from Spain.

Why did the U.S. need foreign markets?

- 1870-1900: America's GDP (Gross Domestic Product - total value of goods and services) quadrupled. Foreign markets became important to absorb some of these products. - America's developing economy attracted a lot of foreign capital, so the U.S. needed to have more exports than imports to balance the payments of foreign investors' interest and dividends.

U.S. Builds a New Navy

- 1890-1896 - Needed it to defend American interests (ports, territory) overseas. - Coaling stations were needed around the world. This is why U.S. needed Hawaii, Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. - Battleships were the new supreme war machine. Harrison built 3 and Cleveland 5. U.S. also wanted new naval bases for the ships. - By late 1890s, U.S. was on its way to being top naval power.

McKinley Tariff

- 1890: Tariff abruptly cancelled duty free status of Hawaiian sugarcane under President Benjamin Harrison. - Sugar planters began planning the overthrow of the island to get the U.S. to make it a protectorate and return to the duty free status.

Dollar Diplomacy

- 1909-1913 - Aggressive political and economic policy of President Taft of pumping American money into countries to develop them and expand American business. - Lending out capital to other countries to "buy allies." - Targeted China (wanted to modernize to defend itself against Japan), Latin America, and the Caribbean. - Strengthened American economic presence overseas, gave leverage to American diplomacy, and benefitted business.

Intervention in Mexico

- 1913 - During Mexican Revolution, Wilson sent marines to capture the city of Veracruz and impose d martial law. - Wanted Mexico to elect better leaders.

Haitian Resistance to American Intervention

- 1918: Charlemagne Peralte, former Haitian army officer, launched guerrilla war against U.S. to protest a system of forced labor imposed by the U.S. to build roads. - 1919: Captured and killed by U.S. marines. - During first five years of occupation, American forces killed 2,250 Haitians. - 1929: Marines fired on a crowd of people. Incident stirred international condemnation and led to the end of American occupation. Roosevelt removed the marines.

Good Neighbor Policy

- 1929-1941 - Phrase coined by President Herbert Hoover, but used by both Hoover and FDR. - Intention was to mend relations with Latin American countries. Hoover withdrew troops from Nicaragua and planned to remove them from Haiti, which helped.

Clark Memorandum

- 1930 - State Department retracted Roosevelt Corollary, which declared that only the U.S. could collect debts owed to foreigners by countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Anglo-Saxonism

- A theory that English-speaking peoples are racially superior and, for that reason, justified in colonizing and dominating the peoples of less-developed areas of the world. - Combined with Social Darwinism, it fueled American expansionism.

Condition of the U.S. Navy

- After the Civil War, the fleet gradually deteriorated since the U.S. was not interested in European affairs. - President Chester A. Arthur did a modest upgrading program and founded the Naval War College, but the fleet remained small, had no unified leadership, and was mainly used for coastal defense. - Improvement: More battleships were built.

What were advantages of foreign markets?

- American firms began to establish themselves overseas. Singer Sewing Machines, Standard Oil, Kodak cameras McCormick agricultural equipment, and Ford cars became household words around the world. - Visible sign of American market penetration. - 1876: Import-export balance achieved. - Foreign markets were good for supplying demand for surplus American farm products when the economy was slow - helped farmers.

U.S. in Mid-1800s

- Americans expanded across Pacific Ocean toward East Asia. - 1880: The 13th largest navy in the world and a smaller army than Bulgaria.

Why would the U.S. want to be imperialist?

- Americans wanted the U.S. to become a world power because of economic and military competition from other nations (Britain, France, and the main competitor the Netherlands). - European nations extended their power throughout the world. Some established colonies and protectorates. - Americans wanted to develop overseas markets to keep the economy strong and sell lots of goods.

U.S. Involvement in Latin (Central) America

- Americans wanted to sell U.S. goods in Latin America. - Wanted Europe to see U.S. as a dominant world power in Western Hemisphere.

Independence for Panama

- An independence movement was brewing in Panama against Columbia. The U.S. helped Panama achieve independence. In 1922, paid Columbia $25 million as a sorry payment. - France had started building a canal in Panama in 1881, but by 1889 it abandoned the project due to bankruptcy and terrible losses (lost thousands from malaria and yellow fever). - 1914: Panama decided to lease the U.S. land to build a canal.

Opposition to the Annexation of the Philippines

- Andrew Carnegie offered $20 million to purchase the independence of the Philippines. U.S. said no. - Labor leader Samuel Gompers (founder of AFL) feared the competition of cheap Filipino labor. - Anti-imperialist groups started to pop up around the country. Wave of anti-imperialism. - Jane Addams spoke at the Chicago Liberty Meeting, organized to protest imperialist advances.

Spanish-American War

- April 25, 1898: U.S. declared war on Spain. - Teller Amendment: U.S. stated that it would not exercise control over Cuba after the war ended. - Rough Riders helped capture part of Cuba. Teddy Roosevelt was second in command. - 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments: All black regiments. 1/4 of the Americans fighting in Cuba were African American. - Spanish resistance ended with the surrender of Santiago. Agreed to a cease fire in August 1898.

Why did Taft change foreign policy?

- Believed the U.S. would benefit from becoming a world power. - Bribed other countries to be on the side of the U.S.

The Venezuela Crisis

- Border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana. - U.S. was worried European powers would carve up Latin America for themselves. Invoked the part of the Monroe Doctrine that said that Europe was not allowed in Latin American affairs. - Britain realized that Cleveland meant business, backed off, and agreed to arbitration. - Secretary of State Olney said that the U.S. needed "to accept a commanding position" and take its place "among the Powers of the Earth."

Albert Beveridge

- Born to an impoverished family and spent his youth in hard manual labor. - Eventually secured college education with prizes won in oratorical contests. = Elected to the U.S. Senate from Indiana at the young age of 36. Very persuasive and influential.

How are the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary similar?

- Both made the U.S. the largest power in the Western Hemisphere. - Isolated U.S. from Europe prevented Europe from interfering in the Western Hemisphere.

According to Beveridge, how will imperialism affect Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Cuba?

- Hawaii and Puerto Rico: The republic's laws will cover those islands with justice and safety. American liberal government will establish order and equity. - Cuba: A government of law would replace anarchy and tyranny. Would build a civilization of energy and industry. - Resources and commerce will be increased because America will monopolize them.

Social Darwinists

- Herbert Spencer (English) - William Graham Sumner (American) - John Fiske (American): A historian and writer who wrote about Anglo-Saxonism

Anti-Imperialist League (AIL)

- Initial goal of the movement was to stop the U.S. from taking the Philippines as a colony. - After Treaty of Paris, AIL endorsed William Jennings Bryan as an anti-imperialist candidate for president in 1900. Defeated. - Many dropped out of the movement, considering it to be a lost cause. Those who remained focused on exposing the "atrocities" done by the U.S. military in the Philippines. - Women contributed both at home and abroad.

Jingoism

- Intense nationalism and pride in one's country. - Developed in America because of humanitarian concern for suffering Cubans, sympathy with their aspirations for freedom, and anger against the Spanish. - Jingoists said it would be good for American character to rescue the Cubans. Senator Beveridge agreed.

Presidents from the Past and Expansion

- James K. Polk (1845-1849): Offered to buy Cuba from Spain for $100 million and openly discussed seizing Yucatan Peninsula from Mexico. - Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) and President Millard Fillmore (1850-1853): Tried to suppress military filibusters (Whigs). - Franklin Pierce (1853-1857): Allowed some military filibusters.

Japan Realizes its Position

- Japanese hadn't know that steamboats existed. Thought they were dragons at first and were then shocked by the number of guns onboard. - Government realized it was in no position to defend itself. Couldn't retain isolation policy without risking war. - Agreed to negotiate a treaty with Perry. - Set out to industrially revolutionize their country. By 1890s, they had a powerful modern navy.

Alfred T. Mahan

- Knew that great empires like Ancient Rome and Britain had derived their power from control of the seas. - 1890: Wrote The Influence of Seapower Upon History. Shaped American strategic thinking about its role in the world. - Without overseas stations, Mahan warned, warships were "like landlords, unable to fly far from their shores."

Trade Treaty with Japan

- March 31, 1854 1.) Peace and friendship between the U.S. and Japan. 2.) Opened two ports to American ships at Shimoda and Hakodate. Granted permission for America sips to buy supplies, coal, water, and other necessary provisions from Japanese ports. 3.) Provided help for any American ships wrecked on the Japanese coast and protection for shipwrecked persons.

McKinley Pushed Toward War

- McKinley sent ultimatum to Madrid following the U.S.S. Maine incident. Spain agreed to every point except Cuban independence. - McKinley knew further negotiations were useless and asked Congress for the authority to intervene. - The angry public and the Warhawks in Congress (mixture of empire-minded Republicans like Henry Cabot Lodge and Western Democrats espousing Cuban self-determination) pushed McKinley toward war.

How is Dollar Diplomacy different from the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?

- Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary were direct interventions. Dollar Diplomacy didn't use the military. It used money, and was therefore more covert. - Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary isolated the U.S. to the Western Hemisphere while Dollar Diplomacy allowed it to expand its influence.

What did Mahan advocate the construction of?

- New warships. - The construction of a canal across Central America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Would allow equal competition with Europe for the markets of East Asia. The canal's approaches would need to be guarded bases in the Caribbean. - Hawaii needed to be annexed to extend American power into the Pacific. His idea of colonialism was controlling strategic locations around the globe in defense of Americas trade interests.

U.S. Trade Increases in Asia

- Philippines gave the U.S. Several ports close to Japan and China. Allowed U.S. to become a major power in Asia. - By 1899, U.S. was a major trading partner with Asia. - 1895-1900: Exports to China quadrupled.

War in the Philippines

- Philippines were Spanish colonies. U.S. decided to fight Spain all over the world. - May 1898: When U.S. Navy blockaded Cuba, it also attacked the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. Commodore George Dewey (American Naval Commander) led U.S. ships and destroyed Spanish warships in Manila Bay. - U.S. also captured island of Guam near the Philippines.

The White Man's Burden

- Poem by Rudyard Kipling published in McClure's magazine in 1899. - Advised U.S. to take its place alongside Great Britain and make sacrifices necessary for the civilization of those "half devil and half child." - Inspiration for many anti-imperialists.

The Great White Fleet

- Roosevelt sent 16 new battleships called the Great White Fleet around the world to show the U.S.'s military strength. Even listed Japan. - Showed that the U.S. was the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere and finally one of the dominant powers in the world.

Japan's Policy of Trading

- Sakoku: Any foreigner entering Japan or Japanese attempting to leave could be put to death. - U.S. hoped to trade with China and Japan, but Japan only traded with Dutch and Chinese. - Early 1800s: Several American ships traded in Nagasaki under the Dutch flag.

James G. Blaine

- Secretary of State under Garfield and Arthur. - Pan-Americanism: Proposed that U.S. and Latin America work together. - 1881: Announced idea of 1st Pan-Americam Conference (Arthur was president). - 1889: Pan-American Conference held (Harrison was president).

Cuba

- Spanish colony - Provided a lot of money to Spain because of sugarcane.

Anti-Imperialists

- Steel-magnate Andrew Carnegie - Labor leader Samuel Gompers - Satirist Mark Twain - Yale sociologist William Graham Sumner: Came up with theory of Social Darwinism, but didn't support the oppression it created. - Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison - Working-class whites and blacks

Yellow Journalism

- Telling exaggerated stories in newspapers and magazines, often intended to get people emotional about an issue. - The New York World (published by Joseph Pulitzer) and The New York Journal (owned by William Randolph Hearst) were competing for circulation in NY. Sent reporters to Cuba and demanded sensationalized stories.

Social Darwinism

- The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection to the development of society. Encouraged the notion that societies progress as a result of competition and the "survival of the fittest." Justified inequality among people. - Americans believed in this and wanted to be imperialists.

Imperialism

- The economic and political domination over a weaker nation. - Some areas became: 1.) Colonies: The imperial country runs the government of the weaker nation. 2.) Protectorates: Local ruler is allowed to remain in control, but the nation is protected by the imperial country.

Beveridge's Viewpoints

- The ocean connects the U.S. to Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Distance is not an excuse against imperialism. - Imperialism will make Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and the Philippines contiguous (sharing one border). - U.S. needs new markets for its produce, new employment for its capital, and new work for its labor. - Imperialism would provide more circulation for goods and more employment for the growing economy.

Why did Roosevelt declare the Roosevelt Corollary?

- Three European nations had blockaded Venezuela's ports (violated Monroe Doctrine) - An international court in the Hague in the Netherlands had ruled that a creditor nation that had used force would receive preference in repayment of a loan. - U.S. had recently acquired Panama Canal, and Roosevelt wanted to protect it. - 1904: Germany demanded a port in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) as compensation for an unpaid loan. In response, Roosevelt told Germany to stay out of the Western Hemisphere and declared the Roosevelt Corollary.

Intervention in Haiti

- To protect U.S. interests, Wilson sent 330 marines and sailors to Haiti. - To ensure that Haiti payed its debts, U.S. took over collection of customs duties. Also arbitrated disputes, distributed food and medicine, censored the press, ran military courts, built unpaved roads and agricultural and vocational schools, and trained the army and police. - Created a new government led by Mulattoes instead of blacks and forced Haiti to accept a new constitution which allowed American business to own land in Haiti. Teddy Roosevelt boasted abut writing this constitution.

Annexation of Hawaii

- Treaty was sent to the Senate while Harrison was president, but it was not ratified. - Grover Cleveland said annexing Hawaii would be to violate America's "honor and morality" and an "unbroken tradition" against acquiring new territory far from the nation's shores. - 1898: Annexation was approved under President William McKinley.

U.S. in Hawaii

- Wanted Hawaii because it is a prime area for sugarcane. - 1875: Treaty with Hawaii gave Hawaiian sugarcane duty free (no tariff) status into America. Also declared Hawaii off limits to other countries. - 1887: Treaty with Hawaii granted the U.S. naval rights at Pearl Harbor.

Frederick Jackson Turner

- Wrote The Significance of the Frontier in American History, which encouraged the settlement of all the land to the Pacific Ocean. - His writings were the basis for foreign expansion once the frontier closed. The U.S. had the right, duty, and ability to expand.

Outcomes of the Spanish-American War

1.) Cuba became an independent country. 2.) U.S. won Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain. 3.) U.S. bought Philippines from Spain for $20 million in the Treaty of Paris.

Reasons Why the U.S. Got Involved in Cuba

1.) Newly appointed Spanish commander Valeriano Weyler adopted harsh policy of re-concentration. Sent thousands of Cuban villagers to re-concentration camps (20,000+ died of starvation, exposure, and dysentery). 2.) De Lome Letter: Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. (Dupuy De Lome) wrote a letter that was intercepted by an American newspaper. Called President McKinley weak and suggested that Spain wasn't taking America seriously. 3.) U.S.S. Maine (battle cruiser) was anchored in Havana, Cuba. It exploded,killing 266 sailors. U.S. report said it was sunk by a Spanish mine, but there wasn't evidence.

Why did the U.S. want to control the Philippines?

1.) Provided a naval base and coaling station in Asia. 2.) Close to China, a large market for American goods. 3.) Would allow Americans to teach "less civilized" people.