Chapter 21 & 22 genetics
Which of the following technological advances have made high- throughput sequencing possible?
-Automation of various steps in the sequencing procedure -Parallel sequencing of multiple samples at once
How can microorganisms be used in biological control of plant disease and insect pests?
-By producing a toxin that inhibits pathogenic microorganisms or insect -By competing with pathogenic strains for nutrients or space
Select problems exhibited by cloned mice
-Cloned mice die at a younger age than their naturally bred counterpart -Many genes are not expressed normally in cloned mice.
Select the research areas in which knockout mice have been useful
-Diabetes -Cancer -Heart disease -Inherited disorders -Obesity
In biotechnology, what is used to benefit humans?
-Living organisms -Materials produced by living organisms
Possible fates for daughter cells produced by the division of a stem cell are to
-differentiate into a specialized cell type -remain an undifferentiated stem cell
For ES EG cells to be used in transplantation, researchers must be able to cause them to differentiate into the appropriate type of tissue. This process is thought to directly involve
-hormones and growth factors -factors internal to the stem cells -properties of neighboring cells
Arrange the steps involved fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the correct order placing the first step at the top
1. Treat cells with agents that cause them to swell and fix them onto a slide. 2. Denature chromosomal DNA. 3. Hybridize chromosomal DNA to single-stranded DNA probes containing blotin. 4. Add fluorescently labeled avidin 5. View with a fluorescence microscope.
Arrange the following in the proper sequence in which they occur during FISH 1. Denaturation of DNA 2. Addition of DNA probes 3. Fixation of chromosomes
3,1,2
Which of the following correctly describes a metagenomic approach in the clinic?
A cheek swab by a dentist to determine the types and distribution of oral bacteria in a patient
Which of the following statements regarding the genomes of different organisms is true
An organism's genome size does not always correlate with the number of genes it possesses.
A cloning vector that can accommodate a large DNA Insert and behave like a chromosome when it is inside a living cell is called a(n) ______ chromosome
Artificial or YAC
Cytogeneticists can distinguish one chromosome from another based on the __________ patterns that are obtained when chromosomes are treated with certain dyes
Banding
Plant disease control
Biological control
Prevention of frost damage to crops
Biological control
The use of living organisms or their products to alleviate piant diseases is called
Biological control
Remove environmental contaminants
Bioremediation
The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in tho development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans is called _______
Biotechnology
In a FISH experiment, what molecule incorporated into the single-stranded DNA probes that later allows for detection of the probes?
Biotin
Stem cells could be implanted into the ______ to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
Brain
The plants that are used to make what type of oil have been altered with regard to oil composition?
Canola
Using stem cells to repair joints damaged by injury or arthritis would be useful in what tissue type?
Cartilage
How can eukaryotic chromosomes be distinguished from one another in the microscope
Chromosomes can be treated with dyes that produce unique banding patterns for each chromosome
Biotechnology methods that produce two more genetically identical individuals are referred to as reproductive
Cloning
Which of the following processes is used for physical mapping?
Cloning fragments of chromosomal DNA
Gene knockins are used to study the effects of _______
Consistent gene expression
A collection of clones containing overlapping pieces of chromosomal DNA that can be organized into a physical map called a
Contig
The type of mapping in which a gene localized to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern is _________ mapping
Cytogenetic
For ES or EG cells to be used transplantation researchers have to know how to cause the cells to _________ into the appropriate type of tissue
Differentiate
When a stem cell divides, daughter cells can ________ into a specialized cell type or remain an _________ stem cell
Differentiate, undifferentiated
Reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulations
False
Yogurt Production
Food fermentation
Altering the sequence of a gene, such as with the CRISPR-Cas system, is known as
Gene modification
A research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome is called a(n) __________ project
Genome sequencing
Germ-line cells found in the gonads during early fetal development are called embryonic ________ cells, and are said to be ________
Germ / pluripotent
Many humans have a ban on _______ cloning, while others permit limited research in this area.
Human
Using the procedure described in the animation, it is possible to produce a transgenic plant that contains the gene of interest
In all of the cells of the subsequent plant
A technique called __________ hybridization can be used to localize a gene of interest due to the ability of a cloned DNA sequence to hybridize to a chromosome through complementary base pairing
In or fluorescent/ situ
One problem that has occurred through the creation and use of transgenic plants that produce the Bt protein that
Insect population that are resistant to Bt have arisen
In a type of gene replacement called gene _______, a cloned gene is rendered inactive and replaces a normal gene as it's chromosomal location
Knockout
Because humans share many genes with mice, gene _______ research can be very useful in the study of human ________
Knockout or mutation / disease or diseases
A collection of recombinant vectors that each contain a particulat fragment of chromosomal DNA called a DNA
Library
Identifying and localizing millions of genetic markers was an important procedure for the Human Genome Project's goal of obtaining a genetic _______ map of the human genome
Linkage
The cells used in the FISH technique are first arrested during
Metaphase
A short repetitive DNA sequence, such as a dinucleotide sequence repeated many times in a row, is called a(n)
Microsatellite
A strain of mice engineered to carry a mutation that is analogous to a disease-causing mutation in a human gene is called a mouse
Model or models
The process of gene ______ aims to alter the sequence of a gene.
Modification
A segment of DNA that is located at a specific site along a chromosome and that has properties that allow it to be uniquely identified using molecular tools is called a(n) _______ marker
Molecular
Mice have been developed with genetic modifications that make them develop symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. These mice are an example of a
Mouse model
Hematopoietic stem cell
Multipotent
Microorganisms can exert biological control against plant pathogens Insects by competing with pathogens for _______ or space or producing a ________
Nutients or food/ toxin, poison or chemical
Tests revealed that Dolly was "genetically _________ " than her actual age indicated. This was likely due, in part, to her shorter __________
Older / telomeres or chromosomes
Using DNA cloning to determine nucleotide sequence distance
Physical mapping
Which mapping strategy involves cloning many pleces of DNA and characterizing their sizes and relative locations along a chromosome
Physical mapping
Tissue ________ is a drug synthesized from bacteria through recombinant DNA technology and used to treat heart attacks
Plasminogen, activator
Cannot produce entire individual
Pluripotent
Recombinant human insulin
Production of medicines
The area of study known as ______ is focused on determining the roles of all cellular proteins
Proteomics
Recombinant DNA technology has been used to develop a bacterial strain that produces _________ inhibitor to treat hypertension
Renin
ES cells are used to create knockout mice. For the mutation to be inheritable what must happen?
The ES cell with the mutation must differentiate into germinal tissue
Embryonic stem cells are found in
The blastocyst
If a nucleus that was used to create cloned sheep came from a black faced ram instead of a white faced ewe as was used to create Dolly what would be the results?
The lamb would have a black face and be male
A new technician loaded the pyrosequencing machine with the typical reagents, plus a mixed solution of the four DNA nucleotides . What is likely to occur ?
The machine will not be able to read the correct DNA sequence
One potential problem with producing eukaryotic proteins in bacteria is that
The protein may not be folded appropriately
What is metagenomics?
The study of a complex mixture of genetic material from an environmental sample
Cloned genes are first inserted within the to generate a transgenic plant.
Ti plasmid
What is the goal of a genome sequencing project?
To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species
What is the goal of cytogenetic mapping?
To localize a gene to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern
Fertilized egg
Totipotent
May produce all cells
Totipotent
Despite concerns about the proliferation of resistant Insects and endangement of native species, many farmers are embracing _______ crops
Transgenic, modified, GMO, or GM
The cloned gene of interest is inserted where in the Ti plasmid?
Within the T-DNA
If a polymorphic marker is close to a disease -causing allele, then the marker will
be linked to the disease-causing allele
Localization of genes using microscopy
cytogenetic mapping
One of the technological innovations that has made high-throughput sequency the ability automate the reading a DNA sequence when _____ labeled nucleotides are used in the DNA sequencing reaction
fluorescently or fluorescent
Molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species .
genomics
Gene knockout allows researchers to study
how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism.
One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by
identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes
During in situ hybridization, a DNA probe made from a cloned gene binds to
its complementary sequence on a particular chromosome.
Using genetic crosses to determine relative recombination distances .
linkage mapping
The Human Genome Project had a stated of developing programs focused on understanding and addressing the ethical, legal, and social implications of the Human Genome Project. An example of a genetic issue is the possibility that an individual who carries a deleterious allele could be discriminated against by a(n)
medical Insurance company
The study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample is called _________
metagenomics, metagenome, metagenomic, or metagenomes
One the benefits of sequencing the human genome is that it will make easier to identify genes that cause disease they
mutated, mutant, missing, or damaged
antibiotic synthesis
production of medicines
A DNA library is a collection of
recombinant vectors containing various fragments of chromosomal DNA
In the field of study called proteomics, researchers study
the roles of all cellular proteins in producing the traits of cell types and organisms
Biological control is the
use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases
Because of the experimental strategy used for shotgun sequencing, researchers using this strategy may
waste time sequencing the same region of DNA many times
Where are most EG cells obtained from?
Aborted fetus
How is genome sequencing likely to improve our understanding of human disease?
-It can provide information about genes found in pathogens that infect humans. -It may lead to the identification of human genes involved in disease.
Select perceived risks of transgenic plants in agriculture
-Killing of the pollinators of native species -Endangerment of native species -Proliferation of resistant insects
What is an artificial chromosome?
A cloning vector that can accept large DNA inserts and be passed on like a chromosome in a living cell
A researcher wishes to control the expression of a gene in a transgenic animal so that the gene is only expressed in a specific tissue. What kind of promoter would be best suited for their use
A promoter from a protein that is only expressed in that tissue
What is a molecular marker?
A segment of DNA that can be uniquely identified using molecular tools
What is a contig?
A set of overlapping cloned fragments of chromosomal DNA
What is a microsatellite?
A short DNA sequence repeated many times in a row
Some people think that although _______ and EG cells come from embryos left over from in vitro fertilization or aborted fetuses, it is still acceptable to use them for research or to treat ________, since they are not going to become living individuals.
ES / disease of diseases
Pluripotent stem cells found in the gonads during the early fetal stage development are called ________ cells
Embryonic germ
This type of cloning vector is most the useful for constructing chromosome maps:
Cosmid
The early mammalian embryo contains ___________ cells , which are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass if the blastocyst
Embryonic stem
Inserting a cloned gene into the genome of an organism
Gene addition
When a gene of interest is introduced to a specific location in the host genome
Gene knockin
A gene (1 for a haploid; 2 for a diploid) is/are mutated resulting in a loss-of-function
Gene knockout
Alters the DNA sequence of a specific gene
Gene modification
The study of how the genes in the genome interact to produce the traits of an organism
functional genomics
The study of all of the proteins expressed by an organism.
proteomics
