Chapter 21: Biotechnolgy

in which areas has the use of recombinant microorganisms raised concerns?

- safety concerns when they are used to produce food products - environmental concerns when they are released into the surroundings

sometimes a gene knockout produces no obvious phenotypic effect because:

a small contribution of the gene to the organism's phenotype gene redundancy effect can only be seen under certain environmental conditions

A cloned gene becoming integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination is called gene __________.

addition

to create a gene knockin mouse, a gene of interest is cloned & placed adjacent to sequences from the mouse genome. the purpose of this mouse DNA is to __________.

allow the gene to integrate randomly into the genome.

what technique to introduce genes into plant cells involves a 'gene gun'?

biolistic gene transfer

understanding relevant microbial genes that encode proteins that can modify hazardous chemical wastes enhances the process of __________.

bioremediation

how can microorganisms be used in biological control of plant disease & insect pests?

by competing with pathological strains for nutrients or space

stem cells

cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg

problems exhibited by cloned mice:

cloned mice die at a younger age than their naturally bred counter-parts many genes are not expressed normally in cloned mice

biotechnology methods that produce two or more genetically identical individuals are referred to as reproductive __________.

cloning

the introduction of genetic material into plants & animals results in __________ modified __________.

genetically; organisms

benefits of inserting gene knockins into noncritical genome sites:

insertion will not interfere with a critical mouse locus a more consistent level of expression of the gene of interest compared to insertion at a random location

a gene __________ is a gene __________ in which a gene of interest has been added to a particular site in the mouse genome.

knockin; addition

In a type of gene replacement called gene __________, a cloned gene is rendered inactive and replaces a normal gene at its chromosomal location.

knockout

The process of gene ___ aims to alter the sequence of a gene.

modification

to produce mouse models for human diseases a missense mutation can be introduced into a specific gene through CRISPR-Cas technology. this is an example of gene __________.

modification

gene redundancy

one type of gene is inactivated &another gene with similar function compensates for the inactive gene

the use of electrical current to create temporary pores in the __________ membrane, through which DNA can enter, is called __________.

plasma; electroporation

embryonic stem cells are __________, which means that they can differentiate into almost every cell type of the body, but single embryonic stem cell has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual

pluripotent

Biotransformation

process that occurs when bioremediation takes place via microorganisms modifying toxic pollutants by altering or transforming their structure

totipotent

stem cells that can give rise to all the cell types in the adult organism

unipotent

stem cells that can only differentiate into a single cell type

somatostatin is a hormone __________.

that inhibits the secretion of other hormones such as insulin and glucagon produced by engineering bacterial cells

embryonic stem cells are found in__________.

the blastocyst

molecular pharming can refer to :

the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands

Biodegradation

the process of a toxic pollutant being degraded by enzymes produced by microorganisms into less complex, non-toxic metabolite

xenotransplantation

the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one animal species to another

biological control

the use of living organism or their products to alleviate plant diseases

biotechnology

the use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial to humans

Bioremediation

the use of living organisms or their products to decrease the pollutants in the environment

common characteristic of stem cells:

they have the capacity to divide they can differentiate into one of more specialized cell types

Microinjection

using a microscopic needle to introduce DNA into plant or animal cells