Chapter 21 exam
Binding of an eosinophil to an antibody-coated parasitic worm involves binding of the antibody's stem region to a(n) ______.
...plasma membrane protein on the eosinophil's surface
Prostaglanding
1. A fatty acid molecule 2. Promotes vasodilation 3. Induce neutrophil chemotaxis 4 Induce pain
Kinins
1. A plasma protein 4. Promotes vasodilation 2. Induce chemotaxis of leukocytes and prompt neutrophils to release lysosomal enzymes. 3. Induce pain
Complement activation
1. Classic, Lectin & Alternative pathway converge at C3 2. C3 splits into two active pieces: C3a & C3b which inhance inflammation and act as opsonins. 3. C3 also activates other complement proteins that can form a membrane attack complex MAC
Name the 3 phases of Phagocyte mobilization in inflammation
1. Leukocytosis 2. Margination 3. Diapedesis 4. Chemotaxis
Inflammatory response
1. Prevents injurious agents from spreading to adjacent tissues. 2, Disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells promotes tissue repair 3. Released inflammatory chamicals attract phagocytes (and other immune cells) to the area
Histamine
1. Promotes vasodilation of local arterioles 2. Increases permeability of local capillaries
interferons
1. Proteins released by virus infected cells and certain lymphocytes 2. Act as chemical messengers to protect uninfected tissue cells from viral takeover.
What causes pain when associated with inflammation
1. The action of certain chemical mediators (kinins and prostaglandins) on nerve endings 2. The swelling which can compress free nerve endings.
Natural killers (NK)
1.Promote aposptosis (cell suicide) by directly attacking virus infected or canderous body cells; 2. Recognize general abnormalities rather than specific atigens; 3. DO NOT form memory cells
Their are ________ types of TLRs and once activated TLR triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals called_______.
11 types, cytokines
Vaccines work by_____
?
Which letter represents the adhesion of the phagocyte to the pathogen? Select from letters A-D.
A
Complement (antimicrobial protein - innate internal defense)
A group of bloodborne proteins that when activated 1. lyse microorganisms 2. enhance phagocytosis by opsonization 3. intensify inflammatory and other immune responses
Chose the best description of an antigen
A particle that triggers the adaptive immunity
Choose the true statement regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response.
A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.
Select the correct statement about complement. A) An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target. B) Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate. C) The membrane attack complex consists of complement proteins C3a through C5. D) Complement proteins C1 through C9 act exclusively in the classical pathway.
A) An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.
Select the correct statement about complement. A) An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target. B) Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate. C) The membrane attack complex consists of complement proteins C3a through C5. D) Complement proteins C1 through C9 act exclusively in the classical pathway.
A) An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.
________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. A) Cytokines B) Perforins C) Interleukin 1 proteins D) Interleukin 2 proteins
A) Cytokines
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A) Isografts are between identical twins. B) Allografts are between different species. C) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. D) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.
A) Isografts are between identical twins
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A) Isografts are between identical twins. B) Allografts are between different species. C) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. D) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.
A) Isografts are between identical twins.
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.
A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.
A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does not describe the process of inflammation.
A) Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement
A) anitgen
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement
A) antigen
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
A) antigen
Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells B) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to attract white blood cells to the scene. A) cytokines B) histamine C) prostaglandins D) complement
A) cytokines
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to attract white blood cells to the scene. A) cytokines B) histamine C) prostaglandins D) complement
A) cytokines
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________. A) disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane B) providing a passage for antibodies to enter into the bacterial cytosol C) allowing the organelles to spill free from the bacteria D) penetrating the capsule of the bacteria giving antibiotic drugs access to bacterial cells
A) disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds. A) disulfide B) hydrogen C) amino acid D) sodium
A) disulfide
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds. A) disulfide B) hydrogen C) amino acid D) sodium
A) disulfide
Helper T cells ________.
A) function in the adaptive immune system activation
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) ions D) reagins
A) haptens
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) ions D) reagins
A) haptens
Plasma cells ________.
A) have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
An advantage to adaptive immunity is _________. A) its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen B) its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure C) the ability of its individual cells to respond to many different pathogens D) the use of antibodies that cause cell lysis and kill invading cells
A) its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A) juvenile diabetes B) hepatitis C) rabies D) pregnancy
A) juvenile diabetes
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A) juvenile diabetes B) hepatitis C) rabies D) pregnancy
A) juvenile diabetes
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. A) natural killer cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis
A) natural killer cells
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the inflammatory process
A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
Graft rejection may be caused by ________. A) using a xenograft B) use of immunosuppressive drugs C) treatment with antilymphocyte serum D) total body irradiation
A) using a xenograft
Graft rejection may be caused by ________. A) using an xenograft B) use of immunosuppressive drugs C) treatment with antilymphocyte serum D) total body irradiation
A) using an xenograft
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) production of complement and interferon
A) vasodilation
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) production of complement and interferon
A) vasodilation
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. D) T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with recognized antigens.
After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
T/F Virus infected cells secrete interferons to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus and deny entry to them.
Answer: FALSE
T/F Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells kill by secretion of proteins. The first called perforin which forms complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allows the passage of the apoptosis inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell.
Answer: TRUE
Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease? A) Infection and death of T-helper cells by a virus, resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity. B) Release of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine release result in muscle paralysis. C) Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness. D) Uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by NK cells.
Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.
IgE
Antibody that mediates some allergies; allergic reactions. Secreted by the plasma cells in the skin, mucosae of the GI and respiratory tracts, and tonsils
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
Antigens only come from microbes
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. B) Antigens only come from microbes. C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. D) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
Antigens only come from microbes.
Forms antibody producing cells A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell
B cell
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
B) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?
B) Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. B) Antigens only come from microbes. C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. D) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
B) Antigens only come from microbes
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. B) Antigens only come from microbes. C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. D) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
B) Antigens only come from microbes.
Which of the following does not describe actions of interferon (IFN)?
B) IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus.
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. C) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease.
B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) The causative agent is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. C) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease.
B) The causative agent is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
Which statement is true about T cells? A) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. C) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.
B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
Which statement is true about T cells? A) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. C) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.
B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A) multiple sclerosis B) type II diabetes C) systemic lupus erythematosus D) glomerulonephritis
B) Type II diabetes
Choose the best description of an antigen.
B) a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A) exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system B) a second exposure to an allergen C) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D) cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens
B) a second exposure to an allergen
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A) exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system B) a second exposure to an allergen C) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D) cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens
B) a second exposure to an allergen
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? A) neutralizing antigen B) activating cytokines C) enhancing phagocytosis D) agglutinating and precipitating antigen
B) activating cytokines
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? A) neutralizing antigen B) activating cytokines C) enhancing phagocytosis D) agglutinating and precipitating antigen
B) activating cytokines
T-cell activation requires ________.
B) antigen binding and co-stimulation
Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory
B) antigenic
Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory
B) antigenic
Inflammation ________.
B) brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) margination D) phagocytosis
B) chemotaxis
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) margination D) phagocytosis
B) chemotaxis
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? A) carbohydrate structure B) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains C) three binding sites per antibody monomer D) incapable of being transferred from one person to another
B) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? A) carbohydrate structure B) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains C) three binding sites per antibody monomer D) incapable of being transferred from one person to another
B) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. A) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution D) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.
B) disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? A) B cell B) helper T cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) APC
B) helper T cell
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? A) B cell B) helper T cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) APC
B) helper T cell
Delayed hypersensitivities ________. A) are mediated by B cells B) include allergic contact dermatitis C) include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues D) do not involve T cells
B) include allergic contact dermatitis
Immunocompetence ________. A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigen
B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Immunocompetence ________. A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigen
B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Regulatory T cells ________.
B) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the inflammatory process
B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A) small molecules B) reactivity with an antibody C) contain many repeating chemical units D) inhibit production of antibodies
B) reactivity with an antibody
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A) small molecules B) reactivity with an antibody C) contain many repeating chemical units D) inhibit production of antibodies
B) reactivity with an antibody
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes
B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes
B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) occurs during fetal development B) results in the formation of plasma cells C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens D) only occurs in the secondary immune response
B) results in the formation of plasma cells
Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) occurs during fetal development B) results in the formation of plasma cells C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens D) only occurs in the secondary immune response
B) results in the formation of plasma cells
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A) multiple sclerosis B) type II diabetes C) systemic lupus erythematosus D) glomerulonephritis
B) type II diabetes
During inflammation fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby, infected tissues. This implies all of the following except ________. A) the osmolarity of the fluids surrounding infected tissue is higher than the plasma B) the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluids C) nearby capillaries have become more permeable D) B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
During inflammation fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby, infected tissues. This implies all of the following except_____
B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
Sometimes phagocytic attempts are unsuccessful. How does our immune system get around identifying the pathogens carbohydrate signature?
By coating the pathogen with the complimentary protein opsonins (or antibodies)
Which letter represents the formation of a phagolysosome resulting from the fusion of a lysosome with the phagocytic vesicle? Select from letters A-D.
C
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. D) T cells and B cells become fully immunocompetent when they bind with recognized antigens.
C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. D) T cells and B cells become fully immunocompetent when they bind with recognized antigens.
C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells. C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. D) MHC proteins are the cells identity markers.
C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells. C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activted by exposure to antigens. D) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.
C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activted by exposure to antigens.
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. A) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders." B) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together. C) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. D) The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
C) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. A) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders." B) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together. C) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. D) The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
C) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell? A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE
C) IgD
________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections. A) Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Macrophages D) B cells
C) Macrophages
Select the correct statement about antigens.
C) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________.
C) T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? A) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis B) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? A) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis B) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________. A) regulatory cells B) helper cells C) cytotoxic cells D) plasma cells
C) cytotoxic cells
The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________. A) regulatory cells B) helper cells C) cytotoxic cells D) plasma cells
C) cytotoxic cells
Which of the following cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity?
C) helper T cell
Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
C) interfere with viral replication within cells
Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
C) interfere with viral replication within cells
Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway?
C) lactate pathway
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) monocytes as the most active phagocyte
C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) monocytes as the most active phagocyte
C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Regulatory T cells ________. A) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) are the most thoroughly understood T cells
C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
Regulatory T cells ________. A) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) are the most thoroughly understood T cells
C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A) diapedesis B) agglutination C) opsonization D) chemotaxis
C) opsonization
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A) diapedesis B) agglutination C) opsonization D) chemotaxis
C) opsonization
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine
C) passage of IgG anitbodies form a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine
C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
CD8
What type of cell is a precursor to the cytotoxic T cell?
CD8 cell
Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
CD8 cells
__________ is the final step of phagocyte mobilization.
Chemotaxis
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B) Class I MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells. C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. D) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.
Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?Complement proteins
Complement proteins
Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells. A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
__________ are lymphocytes that directly kill virus- infected cells.
Cytotoxic T cells
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit? A) IgD contains 4 binding sites. B) IgA contains 6 binding sites. C) IgG contains 6 binding sites. D) IgM contains 10 binding sites.
D) IgM contains 10 binding sites
Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit? A) IgD contains 4 binding sites. B) IgA contains 6 binding sites. C) IgG contains 6 binding sites. D) IgM contains 10 binding sites.
D) IgM contains 10 binding sites.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) It is antigen-specific. B) It is systemic. C) It has memory. D) It is specific for a given organ.
D) It is specific for a given organ
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) It is antigen-specific. B) It is systemic. C) It has memory. D) It is specific for a given organ.
D) It is specific for a given organ.
Select the correct statement about antigens. A) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. B) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. C) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
Select the correct statement about antigens. A) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. B) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. C) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist. A) The type of antigen B) Memory cell production C) Enzymes present at the time of the invasion D) Our genes
D) Our genes
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes
D) Phagocytes
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
D) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? A) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities. B) They are are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms. C) They include allergic contact dermatitis. D) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
D) They involve IgE anitbodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? A) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities. B) They are are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms. C) They include allergic contact dermatitis. D) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from cells mast and basophils.
D) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from cells mast and basophils.
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self." A) The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only. B) Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated. C) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues. D) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
D) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self." A) The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only. B) Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated. C) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues. D) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
D) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? A) immune complex hypersensitivity B) anaphylaxis C) cytotoxic hypersensitivity D) allergic contact dermatitis
D) allergic contact dematitis
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? A) immune complex hypersensitivity B) anaphylaxis C) cytotoxic hypersensitivity D) allergic contact dermatitis
D) allergic contact dermatitis
Inflammation ________. A) is caused by bacterial activity to enhance the spread of disease B) is caused by viral activity to enhance the spread of the disease C) slows the healing process with swelling that can impair bodily function D) brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
D) brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) are also called cytotoxic T cells B) are a type of phagocyte C) are cells of the adaptive immune system D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) are also called cytotoxic T cells B) are a type of phagocyte C) are cells of the adaptive immune system D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
The primary immune response ________. A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated C) is another name for immunological memory D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
The primary immune response ________. A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated C) is another name for immunological memory D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? A) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells B) some cancer cells C) foreign tissue transplants D) pathogens in the CNS
D) pathogens in the CNS
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? A) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells B) some cancer cells C) foreign tissue transplants D) pathogens in the CNS
D) pathogens in the CNS
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes
D) phagocytes
Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis
D) phagocytosis
Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis
D) phagocytosis
Vaccines work by ________.
D) priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. A) reducing its size B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
IgA
Dimeric antibody found in body secretions; milk, antibody found in blood and secretions, made more than any other isotype, most abundunt in the tears, sweat, saliva and mucosa.
How do antimicrobial proteins work?
Enhance our innate defenses by attaching microorganisms directly or by hindering their ability to reproduce.
T/F B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
F
T/F In a case of immediate hypersensitivity the immune system responds with an allergic response on the first exposure to the allergen.
F
T/F Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinates.
F
T/F Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate) hypersensitivities.
F
T/F Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response.
F
A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.
False
A graft from a monkey to a human is an example of an allograft.
False
Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
False
Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
False
Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.
False
Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.
False
T/F: A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.
False
T/F: Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
False
T/F: Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
False
T/F: Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus
False
IgD
Found on the B cell surface; functions as a Bcell antigen receptor (as does IgM
Plasma cells_______
Have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
Absence results in no immune response A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell
Helper T cell
Steps of interferon mechanism (antimicrobial protein - innate internal defense)
Host Cell - infected by virus, makes interferon, killed 1. Virus nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enters cell 2. Interferon gene switches on 3. Cell produces interferon molecules Host Cell 2 - 1. Binds interferon from cell 1 2. interferon induces synthesis of protective proteins 3. intereron binding stimulates cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins. 5. Antiviral proteins block viral reproduction.
Which of the following does not describe actions of interferon (IFN)? A) Virally infected cells can release interferon which attracts NK cells to attack and kill the IFN secreting cell. B) IFN binds to normal, uninfected cells stimulating the activation of genes that produce anti-viral proteins. C) IFN will attract macrophages to the secreting cell to be removed by phagocytosis. D) IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus.
IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus.
Which of the following is a role of interferons (IFNs)?
IFNs help the body combat viral infections.
Protects mucosal barriers A) IgG B) IgD C) IgM D) IgA E) IgE
IgA
Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor A) IgG B) IgD C) IgM D) IgA E) IgE
IgD
Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell?
IgD
Involved in allergies. A) IgG B) IgD C) IgM D) IgA E) IgE
IgE
Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response. A) IgG B) IgD C) IgM D) IgA E) IgE
IgG
__________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma.
IgG
First to peak during a primary immune response. A) IgG B) IgD C) IgM D) IgA E) IgE
IgM
Which of the following antibodies can fix complement? a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM
IgM & IgG
Adaptive defense system. A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response
Immune response
Third line of defense. A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response
Immune response
The body depends on 2 intrinsic defense systems that act both independently and cooperatively to provide resistance to disease or___________
Immunity
Margination
Inflamed endothelial cells sprout CAMs (cell adhesion molecules). Phagocytes clinging to the inner walls (margins) of the capillaries and postcapillary venules.
Second line of defense. A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response
Inflammatory response
Innate defense system. A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response
Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
Leukocytosis
Injured cells release chemicals called leukocytosis-inducing factors. Neurophils enter blood stream from red bone marrow.
Name the second line of defense that is incorporated with the innate defense system.
Innate internal defenses - cells & chemicals
First line of defense. A) Intact skin and mucous membranes B) Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes C) Inflammatory response D) Immune response
Intact skin and mucous membranes
Name the 2 types of antimicrobial proteins
Interferons & complement proteins
How do interferons protect against infection in healthy cells?
Interferons block viral reproduction in healthy cells through the production of antiviral proteins
Immunocompetence_________
Is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does not describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
It is specific for a given organ.
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response?
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.
IgM
Large pentamer shaped antibody;, The class of immunoglobulin having μ heavy chains. It is the first immunoglobulin to appear on the surface of B cells and the first antibody secreted during an immune response. It is secreted in pentameric form.
How does a lymphocyte become immunocompetent?
Lymphocytes must be able to recognize their one specific antigen by binding to it.
Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections?
Macrophages
Regulatory T cells_______
May function in preventing autoimmune reactions
Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell
Memory cell
IgG
Most abundant class of antibodies; the main antibodyof both secondary and late primary responses; protects against bateria, viruses, and toxins circulating in bloos and lymph; accounts for 75-85% of circulating antibodies.
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal or lack MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
Overlap in the innate and adaptive immune system is seen in all of the following examples but one. Which of the following examples does not illustrate the overlap of innate and adaptive immune response?
NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.
Overlap in the innate and adaptive immune system is seen in all of the following examples but one. Which of the following examples does not illustrate the overlap of innate and adaptive immune responses?
NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
__________ immunity protects a baby who is fed breast milk.
Natural passive
Which mechanism occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins?
Neutralization
What is the main event of chemotaxis?
Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.
Diapendesis
Neutrophils flatten and squeee out of capillaries
Chemotaxis
Neutrophils follow chemotatic agents and migrate up the gradient to the site injury. Neurophils collect at the site and devour any foreign material.
What is a virus?
Nucleic acids surrounded by a protein envelope.
Select the correct statement about antigens
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody
Select the correct statement about antigens. A) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. B) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. C) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
What is opsonization and how does it help phagocytes? Give an example of a molecule that acts as an opsonin.
Opsonization is the process of making pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis by decorating their surface with molecules that phagocytes can bind. Antibodies and complements proteins are examples of molecules that act as opsonins.
Which of the following determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist?
Our genes
Under what circumstances might NK cells kill our own cells?
Our own cells are killed by NK cells when they have been infected by viruses or when they have become cancerous.
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?
Peyer's patches
Engulf and destroy pathogens that breach surface membrane barriers; macrophages also contribute to adaptive immune response.
Phagocytes
The innate defense system has a 2 line of defense called the innate internal defense system. Name the internal defense mechanisms.
Phagocytosis, Natural killers (NK cells), inflammation, antimicrobial proteins & fever
What causes redness & heat when associated with inflammation.
REDNESS & HEAT - vasodilation of arterioles, which increase the flow of blood to affected area
Slows or stops the immune response. A) Regulatory T cell B) Memory cell C) Helper T cell D) B cell E) Cytotoxic T cell
Regulatory T cell
What causes swelling when associated with inflammation.
SWELLING- release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation which increase capillary permeability. This allows proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, increasing IF osmotic pressure and drawing more fluid out of blood vessels and into tissue, thereby causing swelling
What is the first line of defense against disease?
Surface barriers - Skin & mucous membranes, along with the secretions they produce.
Fever
Systemic response initiated by pyrogens; high body temp inhibits microbes from multiplying and enhances body repair processes. Fever also causes the liver & spleen to sequester iron & zinc.
T/F Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic response that may occur if the allergen enters the blood stream.
T
T/F Antibodies typically act extracellularly in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity.
T
T/F Fever is often a beneficial immune response because it can speed the activities of leucocytes.
T
T/F Some immunocompetent cells will never encounter an antigen to which they can bind and therefore will never be called to service in our lifetime.
T
T/F The nucleotide sequence within the genes that produce B cell receptor and antibodies are reshuffled by a process called somatic recombination. This produces the huge variability in antibody types.
T
Which cells mature in the thymus?
T cells
Which of the following is (are) NOT a part of the innate immune defenses?
T cells
Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific internal defense against disease?
T cells
Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________. A) T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them B) monocytes would not be able to migrate into infected tissue and differentiate into macrophages C) NK cells would be non-functional D) autoimmune diseases would be likely to result
T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation___________
T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does NOT receive a co-stimulatory signal?
The T cell enters a state of anergy
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. C) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease.
The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells
An advantage of innate immunity is_______
The use of the antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cells
Which statement is true about T cells?
Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2
Which statement is true about T cells? A) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. C) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.
Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
B-lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is not one of the reasons B-lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?
They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.
its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering into the body
They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.
Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system only recognize and react to specific viruses infected or tumor cells. What makes NK cells different.
They are nonspecific, directly contacting target cell and inducing apoptosis.
How do NK cells aid the innate defense system.
They eliminate infected or cancerous cells by detecting general abnormalities such as the lack of "self" a cell surface proteins called MHC.
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
Thymus
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self."
Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
Macrophages (gastrointestinal & respiratory tract) have special recognition receptors that allow them to recognize invaders they are called__________?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells.
True
Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.
True
Antigens can be complete or incomplete.
True
Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis.
True
It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
True
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
True
Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes.
True
Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.
True
Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens.
True
T/F: A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells
True
T/F: Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.
True
T/F: Antibodies can act both intracellularly and extracellularly.
True
T/F: It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist
True
T/F: MHC I proteins (major histocompatibility class I proteins) are found on most cells of the body.
True
T/F: Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
True
T/F: Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.
True
T/F: The classical complement pathway involves antibodies.
True
T/F: The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis
True
T/F: The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.
True
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.
True
The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin.
True
The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.
True
All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does not describe the process of inflammation. A) Increases capillary permeability. B) Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury. C) Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury. D) Release of prostaglandins resulting in pain.
Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.
What accounts for 2 of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Vasodilation - redness & heat are both due to local hyperemia (congestion with blood) occurs when local arterioles dilate.
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?White pulp of spleen
White pulp of spleen
Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions? a) IgD b) IgE c) IgG d) IgM
a - IgD
Choose the best description of an antigen. A) a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity B) part or a piece of a disease or pathogen C) a particle (typically a foreign protein) that triggers inflammation D) a chemical that enhances or modifies immune response
a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
a second exposure to an allergen
What is the correct order of phagocytosis a. phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris. b. phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually enguld the particles forming phagosome c. lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesles, forming a phagolysosome d. toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogens e. Sometimes exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigenstibel and residual material
a, b, c, d, e
Which of the following mechanisms of antibody action occur when red blood cells clump due to a transfusion of mismatched blood?
agglutination
Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
all nucleated cells
Antibodies that are released by plasma cells are involved in a) humoral immunity b) immediate hypersensitivity reactions c) autoimmune disorders d) all of the above
all of the above
Allergens differ from antigens because ________. A) allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle B) allergens do not involve the leucocytes, they simply stimulate the inflammatory response C) allergens are only active seasonally and are generally harmless to the body D) allergens are primarily plant derived while antigens are bacterial or viral in nature
allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
an antigenic determinant
All of the following are considered innate body defenses except _________. a) complement B) phagocytosis C) antibodies D) lysozyme E) inflammation
antibodies
Proinflammatory signals include all of the following, EXCEPT __________.
antibodies
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
antibodies and complement proteins
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells eventually become cloned?
antigen
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement
antigen
T-cell activation requires ________. A) antigen binding and co-stimulation B) antigen binding and antibody production C) antibody production and co-stimulation D) antigen binding, antibody production, and co-stimulation
antigen binding and co-stimulation
T-cell activation requires_____
antigen binding and co-stimulation
Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
antigen-presenting cells
Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
antigenic
Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory
antigenic
What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?
antigens
Which of the following exemplifies passive immunity?
antitoxin
Xenografts
are grafts taken from another animal species.
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are a) T lymphocytes b) B lymphocytes c) NK cells d) B & T lymphocytes
b - B lymphocytes
Pyrogens act on what system of the body?
body's thermostat - a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus.
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. A) thymus B) spleen C) bone marrow D) lymph nodes
bone marrow
Inflammation__________
brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
Cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following except a) macrophages b) cytotoxic T cells c) Helper T cells d) natural killer cells
c - Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) can directly attack and kill other cells of the body B) require the double recognition signal of class I MHC plus class II MHC on the target cell in order to function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
Cytotoxic T cells__________
can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) are also called cytotoxic T cells B) are a type of phagocyte C) are cells of the adaptive immune system D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
Natural killer (NK) cells________
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.
chemotaxis
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
class II MHC proteins
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
complement proteins
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?
constant (C) region
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. A) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution D) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A) exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system during trauma B) a second exposure to an allergen C) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D) cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens (haptens) bound with self-antigens
cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens (haptens) bound with self-antigens
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. A) cytokines B) perforins C) interleukin 1 proteins D) interleukin 2 proteins
cytokines
Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an allograft?
cytotoxin T (TC) cell
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?
cytotoxin T (TC) cells
Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell a) antigens b) helper T cells c) cytokine d) cytotoxic T cell
d - cytotoxic T cells
Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called a) complete antigens b) kinins c) anitigenic determinants d) haptens
d - haptens
The cell type most often invaded by HIV is a a) eosinophil b)cytotoxic T cell c) natural killer cell d) helper T cell e) B cell
d - helper T cells
Complement fixation promotes all of the following except a) cell lysis b) inflammation c) opsonization d) interferon release e) chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cells
d - interferon release
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?deep in the cortex
deep in the cortex
Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them?
dendritic cells
Neutrophils flatten and squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls during what process?
diapedesis
The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called a) diapedesis b) chemotaxis c) margination d) opsonization
diapedesis
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
direct cell lysis
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by________
disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.
disulfide
Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?
edema (swelling)
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A) elevated blood glucose B) hepatitis C) rabies D) pregnancy
elevated blood glucose
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except_____
elevated blood glucose
Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
function in the adaptive immune system activation
Helper T cells______
function in the adaptive immune system activation
Allografts
grafts transplanted from individuals that are not genetically identical but belong to the same species
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.
haptens
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) ions D) reagins
haptens
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called________
haptens
The primary immune response ________.
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
The primary immune response ________. A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated C) is another name for immunological memory D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
Plasma cells ________. A) have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody) B) are large so that they can envelope their prey by phagocytosis C) are small so that they slip between endothelial cells of capillaries to fight infection in the surrounding tissues D) have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum to dispose of ingested pathogens
have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response in that it helps activate both humoral and cellular immune responses?
helper T cell
Which of the following cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity? A) B cell B) helper T cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) APC
helper T cell
Which of the following cells has the largest role and most widespread of effect on immunity?
helper T cell
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?
helper T cell
Mast cells are a key component of the inflammatory response. They release a chemical called ____________ which is a ___________.
histamine, vasodilator
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
humoral immunity
_______ is a functional system rather than an organ system in an anatomical sense.
immune system
Which defense mechanism results in redness, heat, pain, and swelling?
inflammation
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
innate external defenses
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?innate external defenses
innate external defenses
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
innate internal defenses
What constitutes the body's first line of defense against disease?
intact skin and mucous membranes
Interferons ________.
interfere with viral replication within cells
Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
interfere with viral replication within cells
Interferons_____
interfere with viral replication within cells
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
interferons
What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?
interferons (IFNs)
Septic
is a dangerous condition where the cytokines are released unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.
Immunocompetence ________.
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Immunocompetence ________. A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigen
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
An advantage of innate immunity is ________. A) its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering into the body B) the specificity of its individual cells which specialize in the removal on one type of antigen C) the numerous steps in the activation of its cells that can prevent autoimmune disease D) the use of antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cells
its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering into the body
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________.
juvenile diabetes. Can diagnose pregnancy, hepititus, and rabies.
Name some of the other inflammatory chemicals
kinins, prostaglandins and complements
Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway? A) classical pathway B) alternative pathway C) lectin pathway D) lactate pathway
lactate pathway
When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow, in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?
leukocytosis
Which of the following best describes the qualities of most antigens?
macromolecules that are foreign to the host
Which of the following best describes the qualities of most antigens? A) macromolecules that are foreign to the host B) atomic elements that are not normally present in the human body C) macromolecules that are produced by the host organism D) atomic elements that are harmful or toxic
macromolecules that are foreign to the host
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) monocytes as the most active phagocyte
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Phagocyte mobilization involves______
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Regulatory T cells ________. A) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) aid B cells in antibody production
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
What are B and T cells called that have not yet been exposed to an antigen?
naive
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by________
natural killer cells
Which of the following do NOT serve as antigen-presenting cells (APC)?
natural killer cells
What is the specific target of interferons?
nearby healthy cells
What is the cellular order of phagocyte mobilization.
neutrophils, monocytes. Monocytes become macrophages and replace the neutrophils. Macrophages are the final disposal cell debris as acute inflammation subsides.
With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?
opsonins
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
opsonization
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed_________
opsonization
What process greatly accelerates phagocytosis of a pathogen?
opsonization
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
opsonization
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
harmful or disease causing microorganisms
pathogens
_________________ identify potentially harmful substances by recognizing ( binding tightly to) molecules with specific shapes that are part of infectious organisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi) but not normal human cells
pattern recognition receptors
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
phagocytes
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes
phagocytes
Innate immune system defenses include ________.
phagocytosis
Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis
phagocytosis
Innate immune system defenses include_________
phagocytosis
What cells make antibodies?
plasma B cells
Which of the following is not a role of activated complement?
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? A) opsonization B) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions C) enhancement of inflammation D) insertion of MAC and cell lysis
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Vaccines work by ________. A) boosting innate immunity with cytokines B) priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure C) providing the necessary antibodies to fight infections D) suppressing inflation to help speed healing
priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
What types of antigen are recognized by T cells?
processed fragments of protein antigens displayed on surfaces of body cells
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by_______
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
Fever ________.
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Fever__________
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the inflammatory process
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
When leukocytes and macrophages are exposed to foreign substances in the body, they release chemicals called _________.
pyrogens
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
reactivity with an antibody
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A) small molecules B) reactivity with an antibody C) contain many repeating chemical units D) inhibit production of antibodies
reactivity with an antibody
Name the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation.
redness, heat, swelling & pain
Select the best description of the negative selection process of lymphocyte maturation.
removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells
Select the best description of the negative selection process of lymphocyte maturation. A) teaching a lymphocyte to recognize "self" from foreign antigens B) removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells C) removal of lymphocytes that fail to recognize "self" cells D) allowing the survival of lymphocytes that cannot bind to MHC proteins
removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) occurs during fetal development B) results in the formation of plasma cells C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens D) only occurs in the secondary immune response
results in the formation of plasma cells
A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is______
the flu has several strains that change seasonally
A vaccine is effective because ________. A) the vaccine contains the antibodies necessary to fight infection B) the vaccine contains the lymphocytes necessary to fight infection C) the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response D) B-lymphocytes are unable to mount an immune response the first time they are exposed to a new pathogen
the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response
Treatment of an abscess often requires that it be surgically drained because ______.
the wall of the abscess prevents neutrophils from entering the pus and attacking the pathogens
Autografts
tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person
Why are children given vaccinations?
to develop antibodies against various diseases
Isografts
transplant between identical twins
T/F Dendritic cells and macrophages kill by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.
true
T/F Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
true
T/F The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.
true
T/F The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens.
true
Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?
vaccines
Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
vasoconstriction
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
vasodilation
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) complement production
vasodilation
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by______
vasodilation
Keratin of the skin is resistant to __________, ________, ________& _________.
weak acids, bases , bacterial enzymes & toxins