Chapter 21 Smartbook

Which of the following provide evidence that natural selection occurs in peppered moths?

1) Light moths become more abundant than melanic forms when clean air legislation is implemented. 2) Melanic moths become more abundant than light forms in polluted areas.

The following graph plots the relationship between beak depth of medium ground finches and their offspring. What can you conclude from that graph (choose all that apply)?

1) Parents with large beaks tend to have offspring with large beaks 2) Beak depth seems to be a genetically inherited trait 3) Parents with small beaks tend to have offspring with small beaks

Match the beak shapes of Galapagos finches to their feeding habits.

1) warbler finches= small narrow beaks 2)ground finches=crushing beaks 3)"vampire" finches=sharp beaks

Which of the following are common misconceptions about evolution?

Complex organs cannot be explained by evolution, but can be explained by intelligent design. Evolution has not been demonstrated.

Evolutionary changes in the horse family can be related to changes in their habitat in North America (where most of the horse evolution has occurred); in particular, horse evolution was related to the widespread appearance of

Grasslands

Over the last 55 million years, the limbs of animals in most lineages of the horse family have ______ in length

Grown

The fossil record reveals that during the last 25 million years most of the lineages in the horse family have exhibited a rapid and substantial _______ in size.

Growth

How did Bernard Kettlewell test Tutt's hypothesis about peppered moths?

He released marked dark and light moths in polluted and unpolluted woods and determined their survival.

Which of the following best distinguishes vestigial from homologous structures?

Homologous structures are functional, while vestigial structures have no function.

Which of the following is not an example of convergent evolution?

Muscles that wiggle the ears of humans and other mammals

Review the following list of processes that can alter the genetic make up of a population. Which one is considered by scientists to be primarily responsible for evolution?

Natural selection

How has rock and fossil dating changed since Darwin's times?

Relative dating was used in the past; today we use absolute dating.

Match the type of rock dating with its description.

Relative dating= rocks are dated based on their position Absolute dating= rocks are dated based on changes in their isotopic composition

What is the preferred food of the Galápagos medium ground finch?

Small, tender seeds

True or false: Natural selection does not always produce perfectly working adaptations, because it can only work on the genetic variation present in a population.

True

Which of the following are anatomical features that provide evidence for evolution?

Vestigial structures Early embryonic similarities Homologous structures

match the different types of anatomical for evolution

Vestigial structures= Human coccyx Homology=vertebrate forelimbs embryonic development=lanugo

The great variety of breeds of cats, dogs and other domestic animals have arisen through

artificial selection

Artificial selection clearly shows that selection ______ evolutionary changes, such that over millions of years, selection can produce the diversity of life on earth. Multiple choice question.

can produce significant

Overall, the evolutionary changes observed in the fossil record of the horse family can be understood as adaptations to changes in global ______

climate

The ant-eaters in South America and the Australian echidna have similar snouts and tongues that they use to capture ants. This is an example of ___ evolution.

convergent

___ evolution happens when two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments.

convergent

Many fishes that inhabit the sub-freezing Arctic and Antarctic waters posses antifreeze proteins; we now know that there are at least five different kinds of antifreeze protein genes that have evolved independently in different species to perform the same function. This is an example of:

convergent evolution

When two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments, we observe ______.

convergent evolution

The similar shapes of fast swimming marine predators are an example of ___ evolution.

convergent or parallel

In all cases when scientists have performed artificial selection experiments on fruit flies, a strong and predictable ___ response has been observed.

evolutionary, evolution, selection, or genetic

In the laboratory setting, selection for a trait in fruit flies

has consistently lead to a strong, predictable evolutionary response

The primary difference between natural and artificial selection is

how the parents are chosen (by humans or because of their reproductive success)

Starting in 1850 when Europe become industrialized, the frequency of melanic forms of the peppered moth in populations ______ until they made up ______ of some population.

increased; almost 100%

In certain areas of the world, populations of moths have been shown to change over the years with dark forms becoming more abundant than light forms; this phenomenon is called

industrial melanism

The phenomenon, where dark forms of moths become more prevalent than light forms in industrialized areas, is known as ___ ___

industrial melanism

A common criticism of evolution is that selection only produces ______ changes and cannot produce the variety of ______ documented in the fossil record.

minor; species

The observation that the relative frequencies of melanic to light peppered moths changes with the color of tree bark provides support for

natural selection

Darwin's theory of evolution is

not accepted by everyone in the general public

Galapagos finches with powerful thick beaks typically eat large

seeds

The teeth of early members of the horse family (for example, Hyracotherium) were

small and relatively simple

The fossil record shows that early species of horses were generally ______ in size, but many lineages since about 30 million years ago exhibit substantial change toward ______ in size. Multiple choice question. small; an in

small: an increase

The fossil record shows that early species of horses were generally ______ in size, but many lineages since about 30 million years ago exhibit substantial change toward ______ in size.

small; an increase

According to some critics of evolution, natural selection can produce changes in a population, but it cannot cause substantial changes leading to

the formation of an entirely new species.

Prior to 1850, the melanic form of the peppered moth in Europe was:

very rare

A ___ structure has no apparent function in a species, but is fully functional in the species' ancestors.

vestigial

Some species have anatomical features that have no apparent function but resemble structures of their presumed ancestors; these anatomical features are called

vestigial structures

The evolution of members of the horse family is

well-documented by the fossil record.

The medium ground finch of the Galápagos islands feeds on small seeds, produced in abundance during ___ years.

wet, rainy, or wetter

The short legs and broad feet of early horses made them well adapted to their habitat which was

wooded areas

Fast swimming marine predators such as dolphins, sharks, and tuna, have a ___ body shape that minimizes ___ in the water.

Blank 1: streamlined, similar, or sleek Blank 2: friction, resistance, or drag

The feet of modern horses have ______ toe(s); in contrast, early horses had_______ toe(s) on their front feet and __________ toe(s) on their hind feet.

Blank 1- 1 Blank 2- 4 Blank 3- 3

The forelimbs of vertebrates are an example of ________structures, while the human appendix is an example of a _______structure.

Blank 1- Homologous Blank 2- vestigal

One of the most important features of Galapagos finches is that the shape of their ___ is related to their ___ habits.

Blank 1: beak, Beaks, or bills Blank 2: feeding, eating, food, dietary, diet, or food gathering

Early horses inhabited woody areas where they probably browsed leaves and escaped predators by dodging through openings; this explains why those animals had ___ feet and ___ legs.

Blank 1: broad, wide, wider, or broader Blank 2: short, small, or shorter

Structures that have evolved separately but look very similar exhibit ___ evolution; in contrast, structures that evolved through modification from a common ancestral trait are ___ structures.

Blank 1: convergent Blank 2: homologous

Bernard Kettlewell tested Tutt's hypothesis on peppered moths by releasing ___ numbers of dark and light individuals into two sets of woods, and then recapturing and counting the dark and light individuals that ___ in each of the woods.

Blank 1: equal, even, identical, or the same Blank 2: survived or remained

Structures that are derived from a common ancestor but with different appearance and function are called ___ structures, while ___ structures refers to structures that have little or no function but were functional in an ancestor.

Blank 1: homologous Blank 2: vestigial

Structures that are derived from a common ancestor but with different appearance and function are called ____ structures, while _____ structures refers to structures that have little or no function but were functional in an ancestor.

Blank 1: homologous Blank 2: vestigial

Two types of structures in adult organisms that provide anatomical evidence for evolution are ___ and ___ structures.

Blank 1: homologous Blank 2: vestigial

A common misconception among the general public is that the features of species can be scientifically explained by ___ design.

Blank 1: intelligent

Darwin noted that ___ communities are often missing plants and animals typically found on continents.

Blank 1: island

Molecular analysis of lactase DNA ___ in humans shows that genes for that enzyme have ___ evolved in Africa and Europe to produce the same result.

Blank 1: sequences Blank 2: independently or separately

How does artificial selection contradict the claim that selection can only produce minor evolutionary change? Multiple choice question.

Differences between breeds can be larger than differences between different genera of animals or plants.

What type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils?

Direct

One of the best studied examples of evolutionary change is that of the ___ family. This family includes zebras and donkeys, among other animals.

Equidae

True or false: Even though humans have used artificial selection for centuries, only animals have been significantly modified by our efforts. True false question.

False

Which of the following statements about marsupials in Australia is true

For many types of placental mammals found throughout the world, there is a strikingly similar marsupial mammal in Australia.

Which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution?

Fossils

Some species, for example, frogs, are very sensitive to saltwater and therefore have almost no chance of island colonization. Why is saltwater so harmful to these animals?

It causes those animals to dehydrate.

The teeth of modern members of the horse family are

Large with a complex pattern of ridges

Why are giraffe necks not perfectly suited for their function?

Like all mammals, giraffes only have 7 vertebrae in their necks which limits their flexibility.

Early horses had four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet, all encased in fleshy pads. What statement correctly describes how the toes have changed during the evolution of modern horses?

Modern horses have a single toe enclosed in a bony hoof.

Peter and Rosemary Grant studied natural selection in Galápagos finches for more than 40 years; which species was the focus of their research?

The medium ground finch

Which of the following is true about transitional fossils (choose all that apply)?

They help to fill in the gap in the fossil record between two separate groups. They illustrate how major transitions in life occurred.

How has the fossil record changed since Darwin?

Today the fossil record is far more complete.

How are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies?

Traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have.

Which of the following are reasons why island trees belong to plant families that typically do not have tree members (for example the sunflower family)?

Tree seeds rarely make it to isolated islands The tree niche is empty and so a flower can evolve through natural selection to be tree-like

Today, fossils have been found that link

all major groups of vertebrates

In ___ selection, humans choose the parents of the next generation, while in ___ selection, organisms that survive and reproduce are those that pass their genes on.

artificial & natural

The following graph indicates the actual size of beaks of ground medium finches in a given year for almost two decades. Would you predict a span of wet years, a span of dry years, or a span of average years for the finches in the left box?

dry years

Varieties of which of the following organisms are the result of artificial selection?

pigeons corn cats dogs

Economically important organisms that have been modified significantly through artificial selection include

pigs cattle corn

As a result of convergent evolution, many marsupial mammals of Australia look similar to ___ mammals found elsewhere and occupy a similar ecological niche.

placental

Even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called ______ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred. Select all that apply.

transitional intermediate