Chapter 21: The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
- the shuffling of genetic fragments within each lymphocyte as it becomes immune competent.
"Somatic recombination" refers to - the selection of antigens the body will respond to. - the somatic response to recombinant DNA. - the shuffling of genetic fragments within each lymphocyte as it becomes immune competent. - the rearrangement of cells in order to produce an immune response.
- antigen.
A "foreign" molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n) - hapten. - antigen. - antibody. - colony-stimulating factor. - immunoglobulin.
- Isograft
A graft that is transplanted from one person to a genetically identical individual (i.e., to an identical twin) is an example of a(n) __________. - Allograft - Autograft - Isograft - Xenograft
- artificial active immunity.
A vaccination works to establish: - natural passive immunity. - natural active immunity. - artificial passive immunity. - artificial active immunity.
- vaccination.
Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of - contact with a pathogen. - vaccination. - antibodies passed on from mother to fetus through the placenta. - injection of an immune serum. - antibodies passed on from mother to baby through breast milk.
- sickle cell anemia.
All of the following are examples of autoimmune disorders EXCEPT - Grave's disease. - systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - Myasthenia gravis - sickle cell anemia. - rheumatoid arthritis.
- we are born with them.
All of the following are examples of characteristics of adaptive defenses EXCEPT - they have memory. - they are systemic. - They are usually initiated in a lymph node. - we are born with them. - they are specific.
- it only occurs naturally.
All of the following are functions of interferon except that - it mobilizes natural killer cells. - it interferes with viral replication in affected cells. - it only occurs naturally. - it is not viral specific.
- T-lymphocytes.
All of the following are names of antigen-presenting cells except - macrophages. - B-lymphocytes. - T-lymphocytes. - Langerhan's cells.
B. IgD
Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor... A. IgG B. IgD C. IgE D. IgA E. IgM
- plasma cells.
Antibodies are produced in cells called - natural killer cells. - beta cells. - plasma cells. - helper T-cells. - memory cells.
B. cross linking cell bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
Antibody functions include all of the following except... A. binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms B. cross linking cell bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C. linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of the solution D. targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
- antigenic determinants.
Antigen is a contraction of - antigen etc. - antigenic determinants. - anti-genetic. - antibody genes.
D. producing progeny cells that include plasma and memory cells
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by... A. reducing its size B. immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C. forming of a large number of cells that unlike the original B cell D. producing progeny cells that include plasma and memory cells
C. bone marrow
B lymphocytes develop immuncompetence in the.... A. thymus B. spleen C. bone marrow D. lymph nodes
A. natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by... A. natural killer cells B. T lymphocytes C. B lymphocytes D. pinocytosis
B. results in the formation of plasma cells
Clonal selection of B cells.... A. occurs during fetal development B. results in the formation of plasma cells C. cannot occur in the presence of antigens D. only occurs in the secondary immune response
- forming pores in the membranes of target cells.
Complement proteins work by - creating an impermeable barrier. - phagocytosis of target cells. - forming pores in the membranes of target cells. - producing antibodies. - neutralization of antigens.
- through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane.
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells - by releasing oxidizing agents. - by phagocytosis. - through injection of tumor necrosis factor. - by secreting antibodies. - through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane.
A. are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
Cytotoxic T cells... A. are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells B. require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function C. function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell population D. self destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
B. include allergic contanct dermatitis
Delayed hypersensitivities... A. are mediated by B cells B. include allergic contanct dermatitis C. include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues D. do not involve T cells
C. production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Fever... A. is a higher than normal body temperature that is always dangerous B. decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C. production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D. causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
- naked "DNA" viral vaccines into the skin.
Gene guns are used to shoot - antigens with genes. - genes that prevent hypersensitive reactions into lymphocytes. - naked "DNA" viral vaccines into the skin. - pathogens in the blood stream.
A. using a xenograft
Graft rejection may be caused by... A. using a xenograft B. use of immunosuppressive drugs C. treatment with antilymphocyte serum D. total body irradiation
D. function in the adaptive immune system activation.
Helper T cells.... A. bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphtoxin called perforin B. often function to decrease the immune response C. release B7 proteins D. function in the adaptive immune system activation.
- antibodies.
Humoral immunity is provided by: - complement proteins. - T cells. - interferons. - antibodies.
B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Immunocompetence ________. A)occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C)prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigeN
B. is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Immunocompetence..... A. occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B. is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C. prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D. requires exposure to an antigen
A. antigen
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A. antigen B. interferon C. antibody D. complement
- B cells
In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity? - Macrophages - B cells - Natural killer cells - Neutrophils
- T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative selection.
In the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restrictive process - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative selection. - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens only go through positive selection. - T-lymphocytes with self-antigens go through negative and positive selection. - immature T-lymphocytes go through apoptosis.
- free radicals
In the respiratory burst, _____________ are released, which have potent cell-killing ability. - neutrophils - platelet derived growth factors - free radicals - histamines
b. phagocytosis.
Innate immune system defenses include a. plasma cells. b. phagocytosis. c. T cells. d. B cells
D. phagocytosis
Innate immune system defenses include... A. B cells B. T cells C. plasma cells D. phagocytosis
- muscular dystrophy.
Interferons can be used to treat all of the following except - cancer. - muscular dystrophy. - Hepatitis C. - viral infections.
C. interfere with viral replication within cells
Interferons.... A. are virus specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B. act by increasing the rate of cell division C. interfere with viral replication within cells D. are rountinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
- dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area.
Leukotrienes cause - dilation of the small blood vessels in an injured area. - neutrophils to migrate to an area of inflammation. - the release of digestive enzymes outside the cell. - apoptosis of cells.
- T lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are - T lymphocytes. - B lymphocytes. - NK cells.
- antigen-presenting cells.
MHC II proteins are found on: - red blood cells. - cytotoxic T cells. - antigen-presenting cells. - helper T cells.
e. {c} and {d}
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (also called human leukocyte associated, or HLA, antigens) are unique to each person's body cells. These self-antigens aid in the detection of foreign invaders. MHC class II antigens are found on a. red blood cells only b. all nucleated cells c. B-lymphocytes and some T-lymphocytes d. antigen-presenting cells e. {c} and {d}
A. juvenile diabetes
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except... A. juvenile diabetes B. hepatitis C. rabies D. pregnancy
D. can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated.
Natural killer (NK) cells... A. are also called cytotoxic T cells B. are a type of phagocyte C. are cells of the adaptive immune system D. can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated.
e. IgM
Occurring as a pentamer, this is the first antibody to be produced. a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM
C. mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Phagocyte mobilization involves... A. diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B. margination,which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues C. mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D. monocytes as the most active phagocyte
C. may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
Regulatory T cells... A. release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells. B. decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C. may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D. are the most thoroughly understood T cells
- Lysozyme
Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria. - Pepsin - Amylase - Salivase - Trypsin - Lysozyme
A. isografts are between identical twins
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A. isografts are between identical twins B. allografts are between different species C. Xenografts are between individuals of the same species D. autografts are between two genetically identical individuals
D. active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity A. immunological memory is established by passive immunization B. a vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body C. the antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism D. active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
D. one antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody
Select the correct statement about antigens A. self antigens is another name for incomplete antigens B. the largest type of antigen is called a hapten C. only small antigens exhibit reactivity D. one antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody
A. an adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target
Select the correct statement about complement A. an adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target B. complement can be activated through three pathways; classic secondary, and alternate C. the membrane attack complex consists of complement proteins C3a through C5 D. complement proteins C1 through C9 act exclusively in the classic pathway
a. A specific immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.
Select the correct statement about complement. a. A specific immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target. b. Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate. c. The membrane attack complex (MAC) consists of complement proteins C3a through C5. d. Complement proteins C1 through C9 are exclusively in the classical pathway
B. the causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recongizes CD4 proteins
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency A. severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is an aquired condition B. the causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recongizes CD4 proteins C. Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children D. the most common form of immunodeficiency is graft vs host (GVH) disease.
C. complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies A. antibodies may directly destroy invaders B. neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together C. complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection D. the most potent agglutinating agent is IgG
D. tolerance is developed during fetal life
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self" A. the development of tolerance is specific to B cells only B. neutrophils capable of binding to self antigens are chemically inactivated C. tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to ones own tissues D. tolerance is developed during fetal life
- bone marrow.
Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the: - bone marrow. - lymph nodes. - thymus. - spleen.
A. haptens
Small molecules that bind with self proteins to produce antigenic substances are called... A. haptens B. antibodies C. ions D. reagins
- these lymphocytes to become tolerant to that antigen.
T-lymphocytes that bind to an antigen before co-stimulation takes place will cause - these lymphocytes to become tolerant to that antigen. - cause less tissue damage than when co-stimulation takes place first. - these lymphocytes to die. - cause plasma cells to produce autoantibodies.
- recognize the carbohydrate signature of the particle.
The ability of a phagocyte to adhere to a particular particle depends on its ability to - coat the particle with protein. - recognize the carbohydrate signature of the particle. - produce a respiratory rush. - coat the particle with antibodies.
A. disulfide
The antibody molecule is held together by _____ bonds. A. disulfide B. hydrogen C. amino acid D. sodium
a. epitope
The antigenic determinant of a foreign substance is the a. epitope b. antibody c. complement factor d. perforin
c. complement fixation.
The chief antibody-mediated mechanism used against cellular antigens, such as bacteria, is a. neutralization. b. interferon production. c. complement fixation. d. agglutination
- insertion of the membrane attack complex.
The classical and alternate pathway for complement fixation converge at - production of C-reactive protein. - lysis of the foreign cell. - insertion of the membrane attack complex. - the release of factor B, D, and P.
- tissue injury.
The first step in inflammation is: - phagocyte mobilization. - tissue injury. - vasodilation. - the release of pro-inflammatory signals.
a. classical pathway
The formation of antigen-antibody complexes might trigger the complement cascade at C1. This is called the a. classical pathway b. alternative pathway c. C3-convertase inhibitor pathway
- memory cell.
The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen resulting in a secondary response is called a(n) - basophil. - antigen-presenting cell. - helper T-cell. - plasma cell. - memory cell.
C. cytotoxic cells
The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the... A. regulatory cells B. helper cells C. cytotoxic cells D. plasma cells
D. has a lag period, while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
The primary immune response... A. occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B. occurs when memory cells are stimulated C. is another name for immunological memory D. has a lag period, while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
- complement activation.
The primary mechanism of antibody action is - phagocytosis. - agglutination. - neutralization. - complement activation. - precipitation.
- costimulation.
The process that begins when a helper T-cell binds to an MHC class II protein on a displaying cell is known as - T-cell proliferation. - self antigen recognition. - costimulation. - antigen proliferation.
B. chemotaxis
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called... A. diapedesis B. chemotaxis C. margination D. phagocytosis
A. vasodilation
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by... A. vasodilation B. vasoconstriction C. phagocyte mobilization D. production of complement and interferon
A) a billion
There are over ________ different types of antigen receptors. A) a billion B) a thousand C) a million D) ten
- Pyrogens
These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever. - Pyrogens - Heparin - Antibodies - Histamine - Keratin
a. IgA
This is the predominant Ig class in body secretions; hence it is called the "secretory antibody." a. IgA b. IgD c. IgE d. IgG e. IgM
- IgE
This type of antibody binds to mast cells and basophils, thus invoking inflammation. - IgA - IgG - IgE - IgM - IgD
- Autoimmune disease
This type of disease results from the inability of the immune system to distinguish self from non-self antigens. - SCID - Allergy - Anaphylaxis - Autoimmune disease - Immunodeficiency
- macrophages.
Toll-like receptors are found on - lymphocytes. - mast cells. - macrophages. - neutrophils.
A. cytokines
Troll like receptors (TLR's) trigger the release of ______ to attract white blood cells to the scene A. cytokines B. histamine C. prostaglandins D. complement
E. IgM
What activates complement? A. IgG B. IgD C. IgE D. IgA E. IgM
A. interferon
What are small proteins secreted by virus containing cells? A. interferon B. regulatory T cells C. complement D. Helper T cells E. APC's
B. regulatory T cells
What dampens the activity of both T cells and B cells? A. interferon B. regulatory T cells C. complement D. Helper T cells E. APC's
E. APC's
What doubles the activation signal to T cells? A. interferon B. regulatory T cells C. complement D. Helper T cells E. APC's
C. complement
What is a major innate mechanism that mediates destruction of foreign substances in the body? A. interferon B. regulatory T cells C. complement D. Helper T cells E. APC's
C. IgE
What is involved in allergies? A. IgG B. IgD C. IgE D. IgA E. IgM
A. IgG
What is the main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response? A. IgG B. IgD C. IgE D. IgA E. IgM
A. protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A. protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B. protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C. activates the complement mechanism D. activates the inflammatory process
- Co-stimulation
What is the second step of T cell activation? - Chemotaxis - Antigen binding - Anergy - Co-stimulation
D. IgA
What protects mucosal barriers? A. IgG B. IgD C. IgE D. IgA E. IgM
D. Helper T cells
What stimulates the proliferation of other lymphocytes? A. interferon B. regulatory T cells C. complement D. Helper T cells E. APC's
- inflammation is occurring.
When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, this is an indication that - an immune response is underway. - antigens are present. - fever is developing. - inflammation is occurring. - antibodies are phagocytizing target cells.
b. MHC
When a macrophage presents antigen to a lymphocyte, it does so in context of __________. a. interleukin-1 b. MHC c. PHA d. mitogen e. GALT
- Basophil
Which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis? - Basophil - Eosinophil - Macrophage - Neutrophil - Kupffer cell
- Eosinophils
Which cells of the innate immune response are responsible for detecting and destroying parasites? - Natural killer cells - Mast cells - Eosinophils - Neutrophils
- Antigen presenting cells
Which cells phagocytize antigen-bearing cells and bind them to their MHCs? - NK cells - Antigen presenting cells - All immune cells - Helper T-cells - Plasma cells
- Helper T-cells
Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response? - Basophils - Killer T-cells - Plasma cells - Helper T-cells - Complement cells
- delayed
Which hypersensitivity is caused by T-lymphocytes? - acute - subacute - chronic - delayed
- Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
Which is correctly matched? - B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body. - Helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells - Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I - Regulatory T cells: make antibodies
B. immune response
Which is the adaptive defense system? A. inflammatory response and skin mucous membranes B. immune response C. inflammatory response D. intact skin and mucous membranes
D. intact skin and mucous membranes
Which is the first line of defense? A. inflammatory response and skin mucous membranes B. immune response C. inflammatory response D. intact skin and mucous membranes
A. inflammatory response and skin mucous membranes
Which is the innate defense system? A. inflammatory response and skin mucous membranes B. immune response C. inflammatory response D. intact skin and mucous membranes
C. inflammatory response
Which is the second line of defense? A. inflammatory response and skin mucous membranes B. immune response C. inflammatory response D. intact skin and mucous membranes
B. immune response
Which is the third line of defense? A. inflammatory response and skin mucous membranes B. immune response C. inflammatory response D. intact skin and mucous membranes
- Natural killer cells
Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells? - Natural killer cells - Basophils - Helper T-lymphocytes - Plasma cells - Macrophages
B. helper T cells
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? A. B cells B. helper T cells C. cytotoxic T cells D. APC
- It is immediate.
Which of the following does not apply to the specific defensive system? - It has memory. - It is immediate. - It is specific. - It is systemic.
- natural killer cells
Which of the following does not originate from a monocyte? - microglia - Kupffer cells - natural killer cells - free macrophages
D. pathogens in the CNS
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? A. intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells B. some cancer cells C. foreign tissue replants D. pathogens in the CNS
- prostaglandin
Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is derived from arachidonic acid? - perforin - bradykinin - prostaglandin - histamine
- Complement cascade
Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier to pathogen influx? - Complement cascade - Saliva and tears - Skin secretions - Mucous membranes
- Opsonization
Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? - Pain - Redness - Heat - Opsonization - Swelling
- A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response? - A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response. - A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while a primary immune response is initiated by memory cells. - A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response. - A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies compared to a primary immune response.
B. composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
Which of the following is a characteristic of antibodies? A. carbohydrate structure B. composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains C. three binding sites per antibody monomer D. incapable of being transferred from one body to another
d. inflammation
Which of the following is a localized, nonspecific response to infection? a. allergy b. humoral immunity c. autoimmunity d. inflammation
- Mucous membranes
Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense? - Complements - Natural killer cells - Mucous membranes - Macrophages - Antibodies
- Thymus
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ? - Spleen - Thymus - Peyer's patch - Lymph node - Tonsil
C. passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A. exposure to an antigen B. infusion of weakened viruses C. passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D. booster shot of a vaccine
B. reactivity with an antibody
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A. small molecules B. reactivity with an antibody C. contain many repeating chemical units D. inhibit production of antibodies
- Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells
Which of the following is mismatched? - B cells: can be activated to produce antibodies - Helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells - Cytotoxic T cells: carry out cellular immune responses - Regulatory T cells: release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response
B. replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A. prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissues B. replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C. disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D. sets the stage for repair process
B. a second exposure to an allergen
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A. exposure of previously hidden self antigens to the adaptive immune system B. a second exposure to an allergen C. mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D. cross reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self antigens
B. activating cytokines
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? A. neurtalizing antigen B. activating cytokines C. enhancing phagocytosis D. agglutinating precipitating antigens
- IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
Which of the following is not a property of interferons (IFNs)? - IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. - IFNs have antiviral activity. - IFNs activate macrophages. - IFNs have an anticancer role.
- Fever
Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation? - Swelling - Redness - Pain - Fever
B. antigenic
Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A. cytotoxic B. antigenic C. helper D. regulatory
B. helper T cells
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A. multiple sclerosis B. helper T cells C. systemic lupus erythematosus D. glomerulonephritis
- B lymphocytes
Which of the following is not an innate defense mechanism of the body? - fever - B lymphocytes - skin - inflammation
D. it is specific for a given organ
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A. it is antigen specific B. it is systemic C. it has memory D. it is specific for a given organ
D. phagocytes
Which of the following is part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A. keratin B. cilia C. gastric juices D. phagocytes
C. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? A. adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis B. chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing C. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing D. ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
- Binding of antibody to the antigen.
Which of the following is the hallmark of the humoral immune response? - Antigen presentation - Phagocytosis - Binding of antibody to the antigen. - Cell lysis by T cells - Interferon production
D. IgM contains 10 binding sites
Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per fuctional antibody unit? A. IgD contains 4 binding sites B. IgA contains 6 binding sites C. IgG contains 6 binding sites D. IgM contains 10 binding sites
D) involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitives: A) also called type IV hypersensitivities B) are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms C) include allergic contact dermatitis D) involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
D. they involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? A. they are also called type IV hypersensitivities B. they are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms C. they include allergic contact dermatitis D. they involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils
- zinc
Which of the following minerals needed for bacterial reproduction does both the liver and spleen sequester during a fever? - zinc - phosphorous - magnesium - copper
- blood clotting
Which of the following processes is most similar to complement fixation? - chemotaxis - diapedesis - antibody formation - blood clotting
- They provide life-long protection to the host against the causative pathogen.
Which of the following statements about infectious granulomas is false? - The tuberculosis bacillus can cause them. - They contain a central region of infected macrophages. - They provide life-long protection to the host against the causative pathogen. - They appear as tumor-like growths.
C. after becoming immunocompetent the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A. the lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs B. it is our genes, not antigens that determine what foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist C. after becoming immunocompetent the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. D. T cells and B cells become fully immunocompetent when they bind with recognized antigens
- They destroy cells by phagocytosis.
Which of the following statements is false about natural killer cells? - They attach infected or cancerous cells that lack self-surface receptors. - They are large granular lymphocytes. - They are not specific for each antigen. - They destroy cells by phagocytosis.
C. Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen presenting cells, thymic cells and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A. Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B. class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells C. Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen presenting cells, thymic cells and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens D. MHC proteins are the cells identity markers
A. NK cells are a type of neutrophil
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A. NK cells are a type of neutrophil B. NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow C. NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens D. NK cells attack cancer cells and virus infected body cells.
- release of leukocytosis inducing factor
Which of the following steps is the first step in an inflammatory response? - release of leukocytosis inducing factor - adhesion of the neutrophils cell adhesion molecules to antigen - positive chemotaxis - diapedesis
D. allergic contact dermatitis
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? A. immune complex hypersensitivity B. anaphylaxis C. cytotoxic hypersensitivity D. allergic contact dermatitis
B. antigens only come from microbes
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A. antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity B. antigens only come from microbes C. the parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune response are called epitopes or antigenic determinants D. antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
- It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response? - It triggers fever. - It only occurs in the spleen. - It results in less antibody secretion. - It results in less memory cell circulation. - It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.
B. their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2
Which statement is true about T cells? A. they usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells B. their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2 C. once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines D. they will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins
b. Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
Which statement is true about T cells? a. They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. b. Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. c. Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. d. They develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins
b. IgE
Which type of antibodies are involved in allergic reactions? a. IgA b. IgE c. IgG d. IgM
c. IgG
Which type of antibodies can cross the placenta and confer passive immunity on the fetus/neonate? a. IgA b. IgE c. IgG d. Ig
- Interferon
Which type of molecule is produced by viral-infected cells to communicate to non-infected cells of the presence of a virus? - Complement - Interferon - Interleukin - Pyrogen - Antigen
- T-lymphocytes
Without __________ there is no adaptive immune response. - T-lymphocytes - antibodies - plasma cells - B-lymphocytes
A. cytokines
_____ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes to the area. A. cytokines B. perforins C. interleukin 1 proteins D. interleukin 2 proteins
- Antigens
________ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. - Haptens - Antibodies - Interleukins - Antigens
- Self-tolerance
________ is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body's own cells. - Immunological memory - Self-tolerance - Antigenicity - Immunocompetence
D. our genes
_________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system be will able to recognize and resist. A. the type of antigen B. memory cell production C. enzymes present at the time of the invasion D. our genes
C. macrophages
___________ predominates at the sites of chronic infections. A. basophils B. eosinophils C. macrophages D. B cells
C. opsonization
complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed... A. diapedisis B. agglutination C. opsonization D. chemotaxis