Chapter 22

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chromosome structure and number.

Evolution at the genomic level involves changes in

Prezygotic barriers include?

Habitat Temporal Behavioral Mechanical Gamete

sequences of amino acids of various proteins in different species.

Molecular homology can be compared by analyzing the

Natural selection

More offspring produced than can survive, competition for limited resources, and individuals with better traits will flourish and reproduce

The biochemical pathways for photosynthesis in plants and cellular respiration in animals, Use of DNA as an information storage molecule.

Which of the following are examples of molecular homologies? Select all that apply.

Intersexual selection

Between members of the opposite sex, female choice. often results in showy characteristics for males

Ecotypes

bacterial species

Temoral isolation

different mating seasons and/or times

Speciation

formation of a new species

Hybrid breakdown

happens over generations

endemic.

A coral species that currently inhabits a single reef off the coast of Indonesia would be considered

horizontal gene transfer.

A gene has been discovered in a eukaryote that is identical to a gene of a bacterium that the eukaryote normally engulfs and digests. This is probably due to

A paraphyletic group contains A. a common ancestor but not all of its descendants. B. groups of species with different common ancestors. C. a common ancestor and all of its descendants. D. a common ancestor and all of its descendants but not the most recent common ancestor. E. every species ever derived from a common ancestor.

A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that describes a phylogeny. A phylogeny is A. the evolutionary history of a species or group of species. B. the geographic distribution of populations in a species. C. the generations of individuals in a population. D. the distribution of species in a given area in time. E. a list of character traits of individual species set in a tree diagram.

Approximately 3.5 million years ago the Isthmus of Panama formed. This new landmass severed the connection between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. An ancestral fish population (porkfish) was split in two by this event; the two populations no longer interbreed and are two distinct species. This type of speciation is called A. allopatric speciation. B. parapatric speciation. C. hybridization. D. sympatric speciation. E. sexual selection due to ecological variation.

During spring time in Maine, male moose often enter a cow pasture and begin calling to the female cows. The moose may even try to mount the female but the male genitalia do not fit properly inside the female genitalia. This is an example of A. mechanical isolation. B. temporal isolation. C. habitat isolation. D. behavioral isolation. E. gametic isolation.

During the Beagle journey, Darwin visited islands, allowing him to compare island species with continental species. In terms of framing his theory of evolution, why was this significant? A. Because the island species had both similarities to their continental ancestors and unique adaptations to their island environments. B. Because the island species no longer shared traits with their continental ancestors. C. Because the species he saw on the islands had not changed from their ancestral continental form. D. Because the island species had very low reproductive and survival rates as compared with their continental ancestors.

Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor is called A. homology. B. analogy. C. commonality. D. convergence. E. Both analogy and convergence are correct.

Gene families are created when A. genes duplicate. B. exons converge. C. viral infections occur. D. introns are not removed from the mRNA after transcription.

If two populations are geographically restricted groups of the same species, but display one or more traits that are somewhat different, the two groups are sometimes classified as A. subspecies B. phenotypes C. macrospecies D. genetic clones

In _____ selection, individuals intermediate in a phenotypic distribution have greater reproductive success. A. stabilizing B. directional C. disruptive D. balancing E. negative frequency-dependent

Molecular clocks are based primarily on rates of A. neutral mutations. B. favorable mutations. C. detrimental mutations. D. natural selection. E. horizontal gene transfer.

The function of BMP4 is to ____________ while the function of gremlin is to __________ BMP4. A. cause apoptosis; inhibit the function of B. induce mitosis; amplify expression of C. inhibit growth; amplify expression of D. induce mitosis; inhibit the function of E. cause apoptosis; act as a catalyst for

The mitochondrial genome would be most useful for studying evolutionary relationships among which group of organisms? A. whales (members of the order Cetacea) B. animals (members of the kingdom Animalia) C. plants (members of the kingdom Plantae) D. eukaryotes (members of the domain Eukarya) E. all organisms (members of domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya)

The term evolution is used to describe A. heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next. B. any change in an individual that can be observed. C. changes in the number of individuals in a population due to mating. D. the ability of an individual organism to pass on what it has learned, through experience, to the next generation. E. any change in an individual organism that occurs in somatic cells.

When humans are developing in utero they have characteristics that are not found in the fully developed infant. Which type of homology does this typify? A. Developmental. B. Structural. C. Vestigal. D. Molecular. E. Both developmental and vestigal.

Which gene is correctly matched with its evolutionary significance? A. The Hox genes - evolution of body plans. B. The BMP4 gene - evolution of lungs. C. The gremlin gene - evolution of the simple eye. D. The Pax6 - evolution of skull shape.

Which of the following situations would be MOST likely to produce a new species? A. A group of polyploid individuals arises by an abnormal meioses. The polyploids can only produce viable offspring by mating with each other. B. Several individuals join an existing population and introduce several new, beneficial alleles. C. Several individuals colonize a new area and establish a population. Migration between the two populations is common. D. An existing species becomes subdivided by a glacier and the resulting groups remain physically isolated from each other for thousands of years. When the glacier melts, the two groups are able to interbreed. E. A volcano erupts and kills all of the frogs on an island, along with many other species. New frogs colonize the island and begin reproducing rapidly because there are no longer any frog predators.

Which of the following statements is true regarding Seehausen and van Alphen's African cichlid experiment? A. Females show sexual selection based on males' coloration. B. Females show sexual selection based on males' size and coloration. C. Mate selection is random and is not based on sexual selection. D. Males show sexual selection based on males' size and coloration.

Which scenario best illustrates the process of natural selection? A. a population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide. B. a plant loses its leaves in a drought. C. a population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available. D. a bear learns to find food at a garbage dump. E. a chameleon's color changes to brown as it sits on a log.

Who should also be credited for evolution?

Alfred Wallace

Gene pool

All of the alleles for every gene in a given population

Thomas Malthus

An economist, says that only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce

only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce.

An important message from the work of Thomas Malthus that influenced Charles Darwin was

A gene pool is A. the genes that are unique to a species. B. all the genes in a population. C. all the similar genes in a gene family. D. a swimming hole for geneticists. E. a group of species that look alike but are not located in the same area at the same time.

A group of individuals that can interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring would be considered to be a species according to the A. phylogenetic species concept. B. biological species concept. C. evolutionary species concept. D. ecological species concept. E. general lineage concept.

A population of mountain goats are split because of the formation of a glacier. After 500 years the glacier melts and the two goat populations are free to move between the two areas. Under what conditions might a hybrid zone occur? A. Both pre- and post-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen. B. Reproductive isolation is incomplete. C. Pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen. D. Post-zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen. E. Gene flow between the two populations does not occur.

A scientist is studying a population of crickets and finds that there is variation in the songs used by males to call for mates. Some males call with high-pitched three-chirp songs and some call with low-pitched four-chirp songs. However, offspring from the two types of males are able to interbreed so the scientist classifies the population as a single cricket species and goes on to another project. One year later a mutation arises in a female cricket that makes her unable to hear high frequencies. Ten years later a graduate student returns to the same cricket population and discovers that there are now two distinct cricket species in the area although they appear morphologically identical. What is the most likely explanation? A. Temporal isolation has led to allopatric speciation. B. Sexual selection has led to sympatric speciation. C. Habitat isolation has led to allopatric speciation. D. Mechanical isolation has led to sympatric speciation. E. Gametic isolation has led to sympatric speciation.

Allopatric speciation occurs because a population A. merges with another population of the same species. B. becomes geographically isolated and undergoes genetic change. C. becomes extinct and is replaced by a population of a different species. D. shows little genetic change from generation to generation. E. experiences hybrid sterility.

An important message from the work of Thomas Malthus that influenced Charles Darwin was A. animals tended toward "human perfection." B. only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce. C. population size of humans can only increase linearly. D. inheritance of acquired characteristics. E. None of the answers are correct. Charles Darwin was influenced by John Ray not Thomas Malthus.

During normal climatic conditions with regular rainfall, the average beak depth for a population of finches was 6.8mm. Researchers found that after a drought, average beak depth increased to 8.8mm. Birds with deep beaks (>9mm) were better able to eat large, hard seeds. Small hard seeds were also available after the drought, but could only be eaten by birds with shallow beaks (<7mm). Choose the graphical representation and term that best represents what would happen in the post-drought finch population if both types of seeds continue to be available. A. directional selection. B. disruptive (diversifying) selection. C. stabilizing selection. D. balancing selection. E. negative frequency-dependent selection.

How did Darwin develop his theory of evolution? A. Experimentation. B. Observation. C. Both experimentation and observation. D. Statistical analysis.

How does the phenomenon of horizontal gene transfer muddle the concept of monophyletic groups? A. Monophyletic groups are based on the concept that a particular group of species descended from a common ancestor. When horizontal gene transfer occurs in the common ancestor, any species to which it gives rise can no longer be considered descendent species. B. Monophyletic groups are based on the concept that a particular group of species descended from a common ancestor. When horizontal gene transfer occurs, not all of the genes in a species were inherited from the common ancestor. C. Monophyletic groups are based on the concept that members of a particular group of species are related to one another at a particular taxonomic rank. However, a species that undergoes horizontal gene transfer no longer belongs to that taxon and the group becomes paraphyletic. D. Monophyletic groups are based on the concept that members of a particular group of species are related to one another at a particular taxonomic rank. An unrelated species that undergoes horizontal gene transfer can become more closely related to members of a different group, making that group polyphyletic.

If goats are crossed with sheep, embryos will form but cease development and spontaneously abort. This is an example of A. a prezygotic mechanism. B. hybrid inviability. C. hybrid sterility. D. hybrid breakdown. E. spermatic behavior.

If two genes are homologous, then it can be said that they are A. derived from different ancestral genes but have a similar function. B. derived from the same ancestral gene. C. found only outside the nucleus in the mitochondrion or chloroplast. D. derived from different ancestral genes and have different functions. E. related through environmental natural selection.

In humans, structures that show developmental homology with other chordates are A. the eyes and nostrils. B. gill ridges and a bony tail. C. fore and hindlimbs. D. the lungs and vertebrae

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation , the genotype frequency of heterozygotes is represented by A. P² B. 2PQ C. Q² D. P² + Q² E. P² + 2PQ

Linnaeus began naming organisms that were alike using Latin names. He gave each organism two names; for example, the pigmy rattlesnake is called Sistrurus miliarius by scientists. What type of naming system is this and what group does "miliarius" designate? A. Binomial nomenclature; genus. B. Binomial nomenclature; species. C. Polynomial nomenclature; genus. D. Polynomial nomenclature; species.

Over generations in a population, traits seen in individuals with higher fitness values will A. become less prevalent in the population. B. become more prevalent in the population. C. stay at the same frequency in the population. D. decrease the population's mean fitness.

Similarity in evolutionarily unrelated groups due to adaptation to similar environments is called A. concentric evolution. B. convergent evolution. C. biogeographic evolution. D. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Studies of the Pax6 gene and its homologs suggest that A. the eye has evolved independently multiple times. B. the eyes of many different species are descended from a common ancestor. C. the master genes of the eye in various species are not homologous. D. the simple eyes of invertebrates and complex eyes of vertebrates arose from two different ancestral control genes.

The Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and Southern leopard frog (Rana utricularia) are morphologically similar, but their mating calls sound very different. Based on this, what is the best explanation for why these frogs are considered separate species? A. They are too morphologically different to interbreed. B. They have undergone behavioral isolation which prevents them from interbreeding. C. They have undergone habitat isolation because one species is entirely terrestrial while the other is entirely aquatic. D. They do interbreed, but produce sterile hybrids.

The Pax6 gene A. is a master control gene for limb development. B. codes for a protein that controls the expression genes related to eye development. C. has no known homologs. D. is a homolog to the eyeless gene in rodents.

The idea that most of the genetic variation found in populations is not subject to natural selection is the basis of A. the principle of parsimony B. the neutral theory of evolution C. the maximum likelihood approach D. cladistics E. systematics

The scientific name for the golden crayfish is Orconectes luteus. Based on this information, the crayfish is a member of what genus? A. Orconectes luteus. B. Orconectes. C. luteus. D. O. luteus. E. Orconectes l.

Thick- skinned rhinoceroses and elephants were once classified together as pachyderms (meaning "thick skin"). They actually descended from different ancestors that in turn evolved from a thin-skinned common ancestor that was not included in the pachyderms. Pachyderms were therefore, as a taxon, A. monophyletic. B. polyphyletic. C. paraphyletic. D. a supergroup. E. a kingdom.

To analyze genetic variation in populations, one approach is to consider the frequency of alleles. When calculating an allele frequency for a diploid species, how many alleles are present for each gene? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. It depends on whether the individual is heterozygous or homozygous.

Two species of salamander have similar ranges, but one breeds from January to March, while the second one breeds from March to May. This is an example of A. mechanical isolation. B. temporal isolation. C. habitat isolation. D. behavioral isolation. E. gametic isolation.

What mechanism makes it difficult to classify bacteria into distinct species groups? A. vertical evolution. B. horizontal gene transfer. C. sexual reproduction. D. asexual reproduction. E. low mutation rates.

What phenomenon would violate the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. The population is isolated from other populations. B. Females select males based on secondary sex traits. C. The population is large. D. No genotypes within the population have a reproductive advantage. E. Genetic drift within the population does not change allele frequencies.

When choosing among competing cladograms, the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest for all characters and their states. This is also known as A. the maximum likelihood approach. B. the principle of parsimony. C. the Bayesian method. D. the molecular clock. E. the cladistic approach.

Which of the following is NOT a principle used when constructing cladograms? A. All species or higher taxa are placed on tips in a phylogenetic tree. B. All species or higher taxa are placed on nodes in a phylogenetic tree. C. Each cladogram branch point should have one or more shared derived characters that are common to all species above the branch point, unless the character is later modified. D. All shared derived characters appear together only once in a cladogram unless they arose independently during evolution more than once.

Intrasexual selection

Between members of the same sex, males directly compete for mating opportunities or territories

A coral species that currently inhabits a single reef off the coast of Indonesia would be considered A. vestigial. B. a transitional form. C. endemic. D. exotic.

A disadvantage of using DNA or RNA sequences to identify species is that A. it can only be used for sexually reproducing organisms. B. it cannot be used for extinct species. C. there are no rules for determining the number of sequence differences needed for a new species. D. if can be misleading because many species exhibit large variation in phenotype.

A liger is a result from a male lion and a female tiger. Male ligers cannot produce offspring This is an example of A. a prezygotic mechanism. B. hybrid inviability. C. hybrid sterility. D. hybrid breakdown. E. a prezygotic mechanism and hybrid sterility are correct.

A liger is an offspring produced from a mating between a male lion and a female tiger. Male ligers cannot produce offspring. This is an example of A. a prezygotic mechanism. B. hybrid inviability. C. hybrid sterility. D. hybrid breakdown. E. a prezygotic mechanism and hybrid sterility are correct.

Alan Cooper, Cécile Mourer Chauviré, Geoffrey Chambers, Arndt von Haeseler, Allan Wilson and Svante Pääbo investigated the evolutionary relationships among some extinct and living species of flightless birds. They concluded that kiwis are more closely related to African and Australian flightless birds than they are to the moas. What new hypothesis did they propose based on this conclusion? A. That their data was incorrect and the sample from the museum was corrupted. B. That flightless birds only occurred once in New Zealand. C. That New Zealand was colonized twice by ancestors of flightless birds. D. That the South American species' ancestors flew to New Zealand before the flightless mutation occurred. E. That the North American flightless bird originated from an ancestor of the New Zealand species.

American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and European sycamore (Platanus orientalis) are tree species that will interbreed if planted nearby but will not normally interbreed because they occur on different continents. This is an example of A. mechanical isolation. B. temporal isolation. C. habitat isolation. D. behavioral isolation. E. gametic isolation.

Blue flower color (B allele) is dominant to white (b allele). If a population of plants in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium contains white flowers (bb) at a frequency of 0.04, what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype? A. 0.96 or 96% B. 0.2 or 20% C. 0.32 or 32% D. 0.64 or 64% E. 0.8 or 80%

Consider the following DNA sequences for four different species: 1: AATCG 2: TAATG 3: ATACC 4: ATAGG Based on the principle of parsimony, which species shares a most recent common ancestor with a species having the sequence TTACC? A. Species 1 B. Species 2 C. Species 3 D. Species 4

Darwin's concept of evolution "the theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection" can be demonstrated by which of the following examples? A. A giraffe stretches his neck to reach higher branches. The exercise of stretching up strengthens the muscles in the neck and legs. This ability to stretch is also seen in the giraffe's offspring. B. A monkey accidentally drops her fruit in the salty water of a bay, she recovers the fruit and eats it. She discovers that the fruit is cleaner and tastes better after it has been in the salty water. She continues to wash fruit in the bay before eating. Her offspring see what she has done and also wash their fruit in the salty water. Soon the whole population is washing their fruit. C. Several turtles hatch from a clutch of eggs buried in the sand on a beach. One of the turtles is the color of the sand, the others are darker in color. The turtles all scurry to the water, but one by one the dark turtles are eaten by birds, only the sand colored turtle survives. When it enters the water the sand color changes to a darker brown. The turtle grows, mates and has offspring that are also sand colored when they are born. D. A female alligator gives birth to a male alligator that has the ability to change color to a bright white when it is in cold water. The baby male alligator is quickly spotted by a large bird of prey and eaten.

Fitness is a measure of reproductive success. If an individual with genotype BB produces 6 offspring, and a heterozygous individual (Bb) produces 10 offspring, and a third individual with genotype bb produces 5 offspring, what is the fitness value for the individual with BB genotype? A. 1.0 B. 0.5 C. 0.6 D. 0.4 E. 1.1

How would you best explain the correlation between an increase in Hox genes and an increase in animal body complexity? A. Different Hox genes are expressed in different regions of the body. B. Hox genes have duplicated several times during animal evolution, but they are not responsible for an increase in body plan complexity. C. An increase in the number of Hox genes allows for greater specialization in different body regions. D. An increase in the number of Hox genes meant that fewer regulatory genes could be controlled in a species. E. As the number of Hox genes increases, the number of genes encoding proteins for appendage development decreases

If the genus Quercus (oaks) is monophyletic, then this means that all species of oaks A. grow in similar habitats. B. are morphologically very similar. C. are descended from a common ancestor. D. cannot be classified in a single family or order. E. have undergone horizontal gene transfer sometime in their evolutionary history.

Mammals and birds are descendents of reptiles, but are not included within the taxon Reptilia. As a taxon Reptilia is... A. monophyletic. B. polyphyletic. C. paraphyletic. D. a supergroup. E. a kingdom.

The bacterium Bacillus tumefaciens has been harnessed in biotechnology because it can insert a gene from one species of plant into another. This can also occur in nature and is referred to as A. vestigial transfer. B. homology. C. horizontal gene transfer. D. vertical evolution. E. exon shuffling through endocytosis.

The gene (IGF1) that encodes a growth hormone has one allele (IGF1-A) that is found in small dogs but not in dogs that are very large. What does this suggest about body size of small dogs? A. Body size depends on how much growth hormone is produced during early fetal development. B. Body size depends on whether or not the IGF1-A allele is present, if it is the dog grows very large, if it is not present the dog retains a small size. C. It suggests that small dogs are small because the IGF1-A allele is expressed, perhaps inhibiting the growth of the dog and the release of growth hormone. D. It suggests that small dogs have more growth hormone released during fetal development but none released after the birthing process. E. Body size depends on nutrition, not on genetics.

The gene pool of the next generation is derived from A. all individuals of a population. B. only the female members of a population. C. those individuals of a population that reproduce and have viable offspring. D. individuals who are heterozygous for the genes in question. only the male members of a population.

The interlocking rib cage of Tiktaalik roseae suggests that this transitional organism had lungs. What other traits were found in T. roseae, but not in its ancestral form? A. An upright stance. B. Wings and scales. C. Primitive wrist and finger-like bones. D. Live young and fins. E. Articulating hip bones.

The long snout of the giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, of South America, and the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus, of Australia, are animals of different evolutionary lineages that are both adapted to eating ants. This is an example of A. selective breeding. B. anatomical homology. C. analogous traits. D. artificial selection. E. Both analogous traits and artificial selection are correct.

The process of evolutionary changes that result in formation of new species and groups of species is called A. temporal evolution. B. artificial selection. C. macroevolution. D. serial evolution. E. a combination of temporal and serial evolution.

The science of describing, naming, and classifying extant and extinct organisms is A. evolution. B. phylogeny. C. taxonomy. D. nomenclature. E. biology.

There is a population of frogs living in a pond, 25 are green, 25 are brown, 25 are yellow with green spots and 25 are all yellow. A drought occurred and 75% of the frogs died. The remaining frogs were green and brown, after 25 generations the frogs still were green and brown, yellow frogs never appeared in the population again. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A. Sexual selection. B. Balancing selection. C. Bottleneck effect. D. Heterozygote advantage. E. Founder effect.

To prepare for a hiking trip in the Appalachian mountains you buy several field guides for the region from a used bookstore. You notice that the older guides list a single species of tiger swallowtail butterfly Papilio glaucus and an Appalachian morph of this species. However the newest guide list two separate species P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis. The authors of this guide state that the biological species concept was used in determining their classifications. What do you think led them to list two separate species of tiger swallowtail? A. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis interbreed in the wild. B. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis have a genomic similarity of 99%. C. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis do not interbreed in the wild. D. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis have distinct differences in wing coloration. E. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis feed on different host plants.

What are the two principle factors that lead to microevolution? A. New genetic variation and gene duplication B. Horizontal gene transfer and evolutionary mechanisms C. New genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms D. Natural selection and migration

When a species consisting of a single large population slowly evolves over many generations into a new species, this an example of A. synapomorphy. B. cladogenesis. C. anagenesis. D. monospeciation. E. horizontal gene transfer.

When observing the skeleton of a snake, you see the remains of hip and hind leg bones associated with four legged animals. These bones are called A. convergent traits. B. analogous structures. C. vestigial structures. D. homologous structures. E. both homologous and analogous structures.

Where a branching point in a phylogenetic tree is called a _________, it illustrates that _______ has occurred. A. break; extinction of a species. B. clade; cladogenesis. C. node; cladogenesis. D. node; anagenesis. E. break; anagenesis.

Which of the following is NOT a domain? A. Eukarya. B. Archaea. C. Protista. D. Bacteria. E. Both Bacteria and Protista.

Which of the following is NOT related to genetic drift? A. Founder effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Sexual selection D. Neutral variation E. Non-Darwinian evolution

Which of the following organisms would NOT be classified in the Domain Eukarya? A. Canis lupis (wolf). B. Loxodonta cyclotis (forest elephant). C. Salmonella enterica (bacteria that causes food poisoning). D. Aleuria aurantia (ascomycete fungi). E. Sequoiadendron giganteum (Giant Sequoia tree).

While hiking in Central Florida, you are lucky enough to see many swallowtail tiger butterflies. You observe that there are two types, or morphs, of the butterflies — a yellow morph and a black morph. What is a likely explanation for this? A. The swallowtail tiger butterfly has undergone artificial selection. B. The swallowtail tiger butterfly has undergone gene inversion for the gene that determines color. C. The swallowtail tiger butterfly has more than one allele for the gene that determines color. D. The swallowtail tiger butterfly has a single allele for the gene that determines color.

__________ is a term that refers to similarities among various species that occur because the species are derived from a common ancestor. A. Analogy B. Phylogeny C. Homology D. Heterology E. Morphology

convergent evolution.

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs of the deserts of Africa, have barrel-shaped stems, short-lived leaves, and spines, yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages. This is an example of

Species

Capable of interbreeding to produce viable and fertile offspring

Microevolution

Changes in a single gene in a population over time

What kind of molecular information is commonly used to study phylogeny among ORGANISMS that diverged from a common ancestor relatively long ago? A. Whole genomes because they are easy to obtain. B. Segments of cellular membrane proteins because the proteins, coded by DNA, are found in all living organisms. C. The mitochondrial genome because it easily incurs neutral mutations. D. Small ribosomal subunit (SSU) RNA because it is found in the genomes of all living organisms. E. DNA sequences within introns because their sequences change rapidly over evolutionary time.

Adaptive radiation is likely to have led to which of the following? A. The divergence of a single pea aphid population into two distinct species. B. The evolution of the horse via changes in climate and food supply. C. The long period of equilibrium in a bat species in the Mariana Islands. D. The 1,000 species of Drosophila found dispersed throughout the Hawaiian Islands.

Blue flower color (B allele) is dominant to white (b allele). If a population of plants in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium contains white flowers (bb) at a frequency of 0.04, what is the frequency of the blue flower allele (B)? A. 0.2 or 20% B. 0.64 or 64% C. 0.32 or 32% D. 0.8 or 80% E. 0.96 or 96%

Can two different species that are members of the same clade have more than one common ancestor? Choose the MOST correct answer and explanation. A. No. Because they are members of a clade, by definition they can have only one common ancestor. B. Maybe. Two species in the same clade can have more than one common ancestor only in cases where horizontal gene transfer from a third, previously unrelated, species has occurred. C. Maybe. If they are members of a paraphyletic clade, they can have more than one common ancestor. D. Yes. Although two species in the same clade have only one most recent common ancestor, they also have a number of older common ancestors that occurred earlier in their evolutionary history. E. Yes. Two species of the same clade always have eight common ancestors, matching the number of levels higher than species in the taxonomic hierarchy.

Horizontal gene transfer is less prevalent in eukaryotic species because A. of the presence of organelles in the cells of eukaryotic species. B. of the multicellularity in eukaryotic species, which is lacking in prokaryotic species. C. eukaryotic species reproduce by sexual reproduction. D. of multicellularity and sexual reproduction. E. of the presence of organelles and multicellularity.

Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genes between A. two chromosomes in a nucleus. B. organelles within a cell. C. cells within a multicellular organism. D. different species, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. E. one prokaryotic species to a different prokaryotic species.

Members of the plant family Cactaceae (cacti) are native to the Americas and thrive in dry environments. They have a number of specialized adaptations, including reduced leaves, succulent (fleshy) stems for water storage, and spines for defense against herbivores. Some members of the family Euphorbiaceae are native to the African desert and resemble cacti, having similarly reduced leaves, succulent stems, and thorns. Other species in the Euphorbeaceae do not have these traits. Based on this information, what can you say about the morphological traits of Cactaceae and Euphorbiaceae indicated above? A. They are shared primitive traits. B. They are shared derived traits. C. They are homologous traits. D. They are analogous traits.

Reproductive isolation in Darwin's finches was studied by Podos. He measured beak size and found a correlation between this and the finches' A. song. B. ability to attract certain mates. C. flight patterns. D. song and ability to attract certain mates. E. flight patterns and song.

The human b-globin gene has two alleles, HS and HA, individuals that are homozygous for HS have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness. Individuals that are heterozygotes (HSHA) do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria. Individuals that are homozygous for HA have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria. In areas where malaria is prevalent the HS allele is maintained in the population. Which type of selection is occurring with the b-globin gene? A. stabilizing B. directional C. disruptive D. balanced E. negative frequency dependent

The most important concept in the field of population genetics is A. natural selection. B. population size. C. rates of mutation. D. genetic variation. E. phenotypic variation.

The study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms is A. nomenclature. B. taxonomy. C. ecology. D. systematics. E. biology.

Under the ___________ , species are identified based on their unique habitat requirements. A. phylogenetic species concept B. biological species concept C. evolutionary species concept D. ecological species concept E. general lineage concept

What field of biology compares the development of organisms in order to better understand mechanisms of evolutionary change? A. Pattern formation. B. Punctuated equilibrium. C. Cell biology. D. Evolutionary developmental biology. E. Endocrine biology.

What is true of a fossil that is classified as a "transitional form"? A. It has all of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants. B. It has some of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants. C. It has all of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants. D. It has some of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants.

When comparing the sequences of a homologous gene in four different species, one pair of species shows a 1% difference, whereas the other pair shows a 3% difference. Which pair diverged longer ago from their common ancestor and why? A. The pair with a 1% difference; a smaller difference (1% instead of 3%) indicates that there has been less time to accumulate mutations. B. The pair with a 1% difference; a smaller difference (1% instead of 3%) indicates that there has been more time to accumulate mutations. C. The pair with a 3% difference; A larger difference (3% instead of 1%) indicates that there has been less time to accumulate mutations. D. The pair with a 3% difference; a larger difference (3% instead of 1%) indicates that there has been more time to accumulate mutations.

Which of the following statements best discriminates among phylogenetic trees based on a maximum likelihood approach? A. The preferred tree requires the fewest mutations to occur. B. The preferred tree requires the most mutations to occur. C. The preferred tree gives the lowest probability of producing the observed data. D. The preferred tree gives the highest probability of producing the observed data.

You discover a new species of lily that has 10 chromosomes (2n=10). Genetic testing reveals that it arose from the interbreeding of two other species of lilies, one of which has 12 chromosomes, and one of which has 8 chromosomes. What is the correct term for the new lily species? A. autopolyploid B. allopolyploid C. allodiploid D. allotetrapoloid

Your senior thesis project involves working out the taxonomy of Florida skinks. To accomplish this you examine skink specimens for morphological differences compare nucleotide and amino acid sequences and observe the skinks reproductive behavior and habitat types. Once you have completed the taxonomy and written the thesis you give it to your professor for comments. She tells you that you did a great job and should try to get your work published. However she suggests you indicate in the introduction what species concepts you used to make your classifications. What statement would you add? A. Taxonomic determinations were made based on the ecological species concepts. B. Taxonomic determinations were made based on the biological species concepts. C. Taxonomic determinations were made based on the evolutionary lineage species concepts. D. Taxonomic determinations were made based on the general lineage species concepts.

Molecular features

DNA sequences within genes. Gene order along chromosomes, chromosome structure, chromosome number

Several turtles hatch from a clutch of eggs buried in the sand on a beach. One of the turtles is the color of the sand, the others are darker in color. The turtles all scurry to the water, but one by one the dark turtles are eaten by birds, only the sand colored turtle survives. When it enters the water the sand color changes to a darker brown. The turtle grows, mates and has offspring that are also sand colored when they are born.

Darwin's concept of evolution "the theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection" can be demonstrated by which of the following examples?

Selective breeding

Designed to modify traits in domesticated species

Natural selection patterns

Directional selection Stabilizing selection Disruptive/Diversifying selection Balancing selection

Voyage of the Beagle

Distinctive traits of island species that allowed them to better exploit their environment

Horizontal gene transfer

During endocytosis, if a bacterial cell is not degraded and bacterial DNA is taken up by the eukaryotic cell, what may have occurred?

Because the island species had both similarities to their continental ancestors and unique adaptations to their island environments.

During the Beagle journey, Darwin visited islands, allowing him to compare island species with continental species. In terms of framing his theory of evolution, why was this significant?

A confused frog deposits its sperm onto a toad's eggs as they are being laid. No offspring develop because the frog's sperm are unable to penetrate the toad's egg. This is an example of A. mechanical isolation. B. temporal isolation. C. habitat isolation. D. behavioral isolation. E. gametic isolation.

Cladograms include in the phylogenetic tree shared primitive characters and shared derived characters. The derived characters can also be called ______ while the primitive characters can also be called __________. A. character states; symplesiomorphy B. symplesiomorphy; ingroup C. outgroup; synapomorphy D. synapomorphy; outgroup E. synapomorphy; symplesiomorphy

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid, glycine. A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication. Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG. What is this phenomenon called? A. directional selection B. bottleneck effect C. stabilizing selection D. adaptive variation E. neutral variation

In a small population, both _________ and __________ would violate the conditions of Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium A. random mating; genetic drift B. gene flow, random mating C. lack of natural selection, gene flow D. sexual selection, lack of new mutations E. gene flow, genetic drift

In comparing the development of the unwebbed foot of the chicken and webbed foot of a duck, what differences are there in the expression ofBMP4 and gremlin? A. Chicken feet only express BMP4 while duck feet only express gremlin. B. BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet, while gremlin is only expressed in duck feet. C. Gremlin is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet, while BMP4 is only expressed in between chicken toes. D. Both BMP4 and gremlin are expressed similarly in chicken and duck feet. E. BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet, while gremlin is not expressed between the toes of chicken feet.

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p + q =_______, where p and q represent _________. A. 0, allele frequencies B. 1, genotype frequencies C. 2, allele frequencies D. 2, genotype frequencies E. 1, allele frequencies

Molecular clocks are usually calibrated based on A. guesses about the rates of mutations in a particular gene. B. observed rates of mutation in a particular gene. C. the first shared common ancestor for species known from the fossil record. D. comparing the gene to similar genes in other kingdoms. E. the date when two species diverged from a common ancestor.

Of the taxonomic groups listed below, which is the broadest (contains the most species)? A. Order B. Class C. Family D. Phylum E. Kingdom

Sympatric speciation differs from allopatric speciation because in sympatric speciation A. a population becomes geographically isolated. B. two populations of the same species merge to form a single population. C. polyploidy must first arise. D. hybrid zones form. E. there are no physical barriers against interbreeding.

The firefly (Photinus†granulatus) and the zebra mussel (Dreissena†polymorpha) are both members of the kingdom Animalia. This indicates that they must also both be members of the same A. species B. genus C. order D. phylum E. domain

The human b-globin gene has two alleles, HS and HA. Individuals that are homozygous for HS have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness. Individuals that are heterozygotes (HSHA) do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria. Individuals that are homozygous for HA have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria. If a vaccine for malaria was created that was 100% effective, affordable, and widely available, what would happen to the frequency of the HS allele? A. The HS allele would increase in regions where malaria is prevalent and decrease in regions where malaria is absent or rare. B. The HS allele would decrease in regions where malaria is prevalent and increase in regions where malaria is absent or rare. C. Due to balancing selection, the frequency of the HS allele would remain stable in all regions. D. The HS allele would increase in regions where malaria is prevalent and remain stable in regions where malaria is absent or rare. E. The HS allele would decrease in regions where malaria is prevalent and remain stable in regions where malaria is absent or rare.

The phenomenon in which one region of the body grows faster than another among different species is called A. paedomorphosis. B. Gremlin and BMP4 interaction. C. Hox gene clustering. D. phenotypic variation. E. heterochrony.

What field of study uses geographic distribution of extinct and living species to determine patterns of evolution? A. Biology. B. Geology. C. Palentology. D. Geneology. E. Biogeography.

What would be the frequency of pink flowers in a population where the allele frequency of CR is 0.4 and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Assume that CR CR is red, CRCW is pink, and CwCw is white. A. 0.04 or 4% B. 0.16 or 16% C. 0.2 or 20% D. 0.8 or 80% E. 0.48 or 48%

You are at the aquarium looking at a freshwater mammal tank and an adult manatee swims close to the glass. On his front flippers you see fingernails. What is a likely explanation for the presence of fingernails on a manatee? A. They are analogous to human fingernails. B. They are homologous to fish fins. C. They are a developmental homology. D. They are analogous to bear claws. E. They are vestigial structures.

You are excited because you just purchased a male guppy that has red, blue and green colors on its fins and tail. Your guppies at home do not have this combination of colors. You place the new male in with three females for mating purposes. After three weeks you have many new baby guppies and with the new color combination. This is an example of which type of selection? A. Natural B. Environmental C. Analogous D. Convergent E. Artificial

Convergent

English ivy (Hedera helix) and wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) are not closely related, yet both have aerial rootlets that allow them to climb up and stick to bark on trees. What type of evolution is this?

After the two species diverged, the genes accumulated random mutations that resulted in similar, but not identical gene sequences.

Escherichia coli and Clostridium acetobutylicum are reported to be derived from a common ancestor. They have some similar, but not identical gene sequences. What is the best explanation for this difference in genetic coding?

Microevolution

Evolution, viewed on a small scale, as it relates to changes in a single gene or allele frequency in a population over time, is called

Evolutionary Relationships

Evolutionary tress describe relationships between ancestral species and modern species. Fossil record, DNA sequences

horizontal gene transfer.

Exchange of genetic material among different species is called

Macroevolution

Formation of new species or groups of species

homology.

Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor is called

genes duplicate.

Gene families are created when

paralogs.

Genes encoding the blood proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin are derived from a common gene ancestor. These proteins both occur in humans. The genes for myoglobin and hemoglobin are

Evolution

Heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species from one generation to the next

Observation.

How did Darwin develop his theory of evolution?

Postzygotic barriers include?

Hybrid inviability Hybrid sterility Hybrid breakdown

derived from the same ancestral gene.

If two genes are homologous, then it can be said that they are

Tiktaalik roseae

Illuminates steps leading to evolution of tetrapods

fusion.

In comparing the chromosomes of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, what type of genomic evolution has occurred in chromosome 2 in the human, as compared with the other three species?

gill ridges and a bony tail.

In humans, structures that show developmental homology with other chordates are

The protein product could be nonfunctional or provide a survival and reproductive advantage.

Introns and an exons are removed from Gene 1 and inserted into Gene 2. What could happen to the protein product of Gene 2 as a result of this insertion?

Population

Members of the same species

Vestigial structures

No apparent function but resemble structures of presumed ancestors

Allele frequencies

P + Q = 1

Yes; because the average beak depth of birds in the population increased from 8.8mm in 1976 to 9.8mm in 1978.

Peter and Rosemary Grant study natural selection in finches on the Galápagos Islands. They have hypothesized that dry condition produce larger seeds and may result in larger beaks in succeeding generations of finches. The figure below shows their data from 1976 and 1978. The y-axis is the number of birds measured and the x-axis is the beak depth. Do their data support their hypothesis and why?

Morphological traits

Physical characteristics of an organism

Transitional form

Provides link between earlier and later forms

Genotype frequencies

P² + 2(PQ) + Q² = 1

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Realized that some animals remain the same while others change. Believed living things evolved upward toward human "perfection".

Empirical Thought

Relies on observation to form an idea or hypothesis

Anatomical homology

Same set of bones in limbs of modern vertebrates has undergone evolutionary change for many different purposes.

George Buffon

Says life forms change over time

Molecular homology

Similarities in cells at the molecular level show that living species evolved from a common ancestor

Homology

Similarity due to descent from a common ancestor. May be: Anatomical, Developmental, or Molecular

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Smallest type of genetic change in a gene, what evolution plays on

changes in global climates which resulted in changing environments from forest to grasslands.

Some major changes that occurred in horse body size, foot anatomy and tooth morphology are hypothesized to be due to natural selection because of ...

Developmental homology

Species that differ as adults often bear striking similarities during embryonic stages

Population Genetics

Study of genes and genotypes in a population

horizontal gene transfer.

The bacterium Bacillus tumefaciens has been harnessed in biotechnology because it can insert a gene from one species of plant into another. This can also occur in nature and is referred to as

John Ray.

The concept of a species was proposed by

It suggests that small dogs are small because the IGF1-A allele is expressed, perhaps inhibiting the growth of the dog and the release of growth hormone.

The gene (IGF1) that encodes a growth hormone has one allele (IGF1-A) that is found in small dogs but not in dogs that are very large. What does this suggest about body size of small dogs?

Primitive wrist and finger-like bones.

The interlocking rib cage of Tiktaalik roseae suggests that this transitional organism had lungs. What other traits were found in T. roseae, but not in its ancestral form?

analogous traits.

Extinction, Random genetic mutations, Adaptation, Speciation.

The process of natural selection results in Select all that apply.

heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next.

The term evolution is used to describe

Charles Darwin

Theory shaped by several different fields of study: Geology, Economics, and Voyage of the Beagle. Formulated theory of evolution by mid-1840s

True

True or False: According to Thomas Malthus, food supplies tend to increase arithmetically while populations tend to increase exponentially, which means that populations will outgrow their food supply.

True

True or False: Molecular homologies indicate that living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors

True

True or False: Selective breeding results from programs designed to modify traits in domesticated species.

Convergent evolution

Two different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments

Evolution based on

Variation and natural selection

Ecological factors

Variety of factors related to an organism's habitat can be used to distinguish one species from another

Gene duplication

Vertical evolution arises from Select all that apply.

John Ray

Was the first to carry out a thorough study of the natural world

Biogeography.

What field of study uses geographic distribution of extinct and living species to determine patterns of evolution?

Environmental changes can lead to the modification of traits.

What idea is shared by both Lamarck's and Darwin's theories of evolution?

greater sequence similarity within closely related groups.

What is illustrated by the amino acid sequence of the p53 protein in Figure 23.13?

It has some of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants.

What is true of a fossil that is classified as a "transitional form"?

Developmental.

When humans are developing in utero they have characteristics that are not found in the fully developed infant. Which type of homology does this typify?

vestigial structures.

When observing the skeleton of a snake, you see the remains of hip and hind leg bones associated with four legged animals. These bones are called

wing of a bluejay and front flipper of a porpoise, forelimb of a dog and forelimb of a horse.

Which of the following pairs of structure are homologous?

a population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.

Which scenario best illustrates the process of natural selection?

The swallowtail tiger butterfly has more than one allele for the gene that determines color.

They are vestigial structures.

Artificial

Hox genes

developmental genes found in all animals that determine the fate of a segment or region of the body

Cladogenesis

division of a species into two or more species

Heterochrony

evolutionary changes in the rate or timing of developmental eventS

Balancing selection

favors heterozygotes

Stabilizing selection

favors intermediate phenotype

Disruptive/Diversifying selection

favors two or more extremes

Subspecies

groups of the same species that have somewhat different traits but not different enough to be called a separate species

Developmental genes that affect growth rate:

heterochrony paedomorphosis

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

if frequencies are not in equilibrium, an evolutionary mechanism is at work

Amount of separation time for two populations: Short time

likely to be similar and considered the same species

Gametic isolation

mating has been attempted, but sperm fails to meet the egg.

Mechanical isolation

mating has been attempted. size, key and lock

Hybrid inviability

miscarriage, embryo fails to go past the early stages

Amount of separation time for two populations: Long time

more likely to show unequivocal differences

Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

no new mutations occur no natural selection occurs infinitely large population so no sampling error no migration occurs between different populations random mating

Habitat isolation

occupying different areas

Sympatric speciation

occurs when members of a species that are within the same range diverge into two or more different species even though there are no physical barriers to interbreeding

Allopatric speciation

occurs when some members of a species become geographically separated

Hybrid sterility

offspring is produced and healthy but cannot reproduce

Directional selection

one extreme genotype favored

Polyploidy

organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, occurs through nondisjunction

Reproductive isolation

prevents one species from successfully interbreeding with other species

Taxonomy

science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses

Behavioral isolation

sexual attraction through song but only to the one they want to hear

Paedomorphosis

sexually mature organism may retain traits typical of the juvenile stage of the organism's ancestor

Systematics

study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern

Ecological niche

the unique set of habitat resources that a species requires, as well as its influence on the environment and other species

Chapter 22

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