Chapter 22
About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?
150mL
Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar gas exchange
aspect of the lung is called the costal surface.
Anterior
Where are the respiratory control centers located?
Brainstem
Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?
Coughing
is an elastic cartilage structure which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing.
Epiglottis
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, and extending to the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?
Nitrogen
Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity?
Nostrils, Nares
What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?
Pleura
True or false: The nasal cavity and trachea are part of the anatomic dead space.
True
Describe the action of carbonic anhydrase.
converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid
The pleurae are which type of membrane?
serous
The apex represents the ___ portion of the lung.
superior
Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?
4
An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air.
500
Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35?
Acidosis
refers to the gas exchange takes place between the blood and the air in the alveoli.
Alveolar gas exchange
Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?
Anatomical dead space
is a cessation of breathing.
Apnea
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
which of the following best describes the support structures of the trachea
C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage
What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.
Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water vapor
refers to the metabolic pathways occurring within cells. These reactions use oxygen in the oxidation of glucose, producing CO2 as a byproduct.
Cellular respiration
Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?
Diaphragm
Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?
Emphysema
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?
Eupnea
is the volume of air that a person can exhale with maximum effort following a normal, tidal exhalation.
Expiratory reserve volume
True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.
False
is the volume of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.
Forced expiratory volume
What does carbon dioxide bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?
Globin
is active breathing.
Hyperpnea
The base is the _____aspect of the lung.
Inferior
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?
Intercostals, Diaphragm
is the inferior portion of the pharynx which begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and the larynx.
Laryngopharynx
Identify three of the structures that enter the lung at the hilum.
Lymphatic vessels blood vessels nerves
aspect of the lung is the mediastinal surface.
Medial
________starts at the soft palate and continues inferiorly until the pharynx reaches the epiglottis.
Oropharynx
is the mid-portion of the pharynx just posterior to the oral cavity, extending from the soft palate to the hyoid bone.
Oropharynx
Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?
Producing speech
Which term refers to the exchange is the process of gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.
Systemic gas exchange
Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?
Systemic gas exchange
is a rapid form of breathing.
Tachypnea
What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?
The heme group
Which best summarizes the Bohr effect?
The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.
volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory
Tidal
Which are functions of the larynx?
To produce sound, To keep food and drink out of the airway
The________ is located inferior to (below) the larynx.
Trachea
Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?
Trachea
True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.
True
is movement of air in and out of the lungs, otherwise known as breathing.
Ventilation
_____ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.
acidosis
The nasal vestibule is located in the _______ portion of the nasal cavity.
anterior
Where is the trachea located?
anterior to the esophagus
Where does systemic gas exchange occur?
at the capillary networks of the tissues
The ____ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
base
The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
base
The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip or your nose is composed of
cartilage
The posterior nasal apertures are also called
choanae
The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.
choanae
The lumen of the trachea is lined with epithelium that has _____, structures that move the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.
cilia
Are ridges along the nasal cavity, not openings at the back
conchae
The ______ division of the respiratory system is incapable of gas-exchange between air and the circulatory system
conducting
The epiglottis:
covers the glottis when swallowing
The ring of cartilage forming the inferior portion of the larynx is called the _______ cartilage.
cricoid
Identify the components of the respiratory membrane.
endothelial cell of capillary Type I (squamous) alveolar cell one shared basal lamina
Indicate which structure is comprised of elastic cartilage.
epiglottis
The _____ is an elastic cartilage structure, which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing as the tongue pushes it downward toward the larynx.
epiglottis
Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.
expiration
decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will result in ____.
expiration
A person expelling air while yelling is performing _____ breathing.
forced
Identify three ways in which air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae.
humidified warmed cleansed
During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.
inspiration
_____ is the intake of air during the respiratory cycle.
inspiration
identify the two aspects of the respiratory cycle.
inspiration and expiration
The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the:
laryngopharynx
The _____ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.
larynx
The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.
larynx
secondary bronchi channel the flow of air amongst the ____.
lobes of the lung
The trachea, primary bronchi and the alveolar sacs all belong to the:
lower respiratory
The trachea, primary bronchi and alveolar sacs all belong to the:
lower respiratory tract
Identify the three factors that contribute to airflow resistance.
lung compliance diameter of the bronchioles surface tension
The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus along the _____ escalator of the trachea.
mucociliary
Are the anterior nasal apertures
nares
The _____ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.
nasopharynx
The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.
nasopharynx
The auditory tubes open in the ______.
nasopharynx
The anterior nasal apertures are also called
nostrils
The ___ of the nasal cavity contains the sensory receptors for smell.
olfactory epithelium
How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?
one
The palatine and lingual tonsils are located along the walls of the ____.
oropharynx
Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates an underlying physiological problem. It indicates:
oxygen deficiency
The ______ tonsil(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx.
pharyngeal
The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called the______.
pharynx
The ____ of the voice is the characteristic of the voice that is dependent upon the tension of the vocal folds.
pitch
identify the tissue lining the nasopharynx.
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the _____ system.
respiratory
where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?
respiratory division
Alveolar gas exchange describes the exchange of gases across the:
respiratory membrane of the alveoli
The nasal ______ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves.
septum
Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for generating
sound
Identify the tissue that lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
stratified squamous epithelium
Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex?
superior
The exchange of gases (o2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary network between the blood and the body cells is called:
systemic gas exchange
___ bronchi supply air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung.
tertiary
The cartilage of the larynx that forms the anterior wall of the larynx and the largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the _____ cartilage.
thyroid
The structure that conducts air from the larynx to primary bronchi is called the:
trachea
The________ is located within the mediastinum.
trachea
The _____ is a smooth muscle that relaxes or contracts to adjust tracheal airflow.
trachealis
A _____ entails an incision made within the trachea in order to bypass an airway obstruction.
tracheostomy
The _____ are responsible for generating sound within the larynx.
vocal folds vocal cords