Chapter 22

What is the meaning of Darwin's expression "descent with modification"? Descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time. Descent with modification refers to natural selection. Descent with modification refers to the partial resemblance of offspring to their parents.

Descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time.

Why were the Galápagos Islands so important to Darwin's formulation of natural selection? The Galápagos Islands are the only place in the world where finches are found. The species found on the Galápagos Islands are also found in Australia. Each island in the Galápagos possessed unique species. They provided evidence in support of uniformitarianism. They are where Darwin did most of his writing.

Each island in the Galápagos possessed unique species.

Which of these is a consequence of uniformitarianism? Earth is round, not flat. Populations evolve. Earth is very old. Populations reproduce faster than their food supply. A Creator made Earth.

Earth is very old. Uniformitarianism holds that geologic processes occur today in much the same way as they did in the past.

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection? Drug resistance exists among all individuals in a population. Environmental variation exists for traits among individuals in a population. Heritable variation does not exist among individuals in a population. Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

According to this climatograph, London experiences more precipitation during _____ than during any other month. June January October July February

October

The Galápagos Islands are located _____. off the coast of Brazil Off the coast of Ecuador off the coast of California in the Arctic in the Antarctic

Off the coast of Ecuador

Because he was well aware of the effect his theory of evolution would have on the public and on the Church of England, Darwin delayed publishing his work for several decades while he gathered additional evidence. After invoking selective breeding of domesticated species as evidence that groups of organisms are capable of change, he then proposed that natural populations can change as well. On which two lines of evidence did he base this proposal? Some individuals leave more descendants than other individuals, but the individuals in a population are essentially identical to each other. Individuals within a population vary, yet island species around the world all appear to be related to each other. Organisms produce more offspring than can be supported by their environment, and adaptations to specific environments increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. Some individuals within a population have greater success in survival and reproduction than others, and favorable traits within a population will accumulate over generations. Organisms within a population vary, and all populations produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment, resulting in competition for survival within the population.

Organisms within a population vary, and all populations produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment, resulting in competition for survival within the population.

Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment? The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts travel worldwide and are exposed to new strains of bacteria. The drug-susceptiblity trait is an adaptation to the environment of antibacterial soaps. The drug-susceptiblity trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.

The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin. Bacterial cells have higher fitness when they are drug resistant in the new environment in which people have been medicated with antibiotics.

Which of these lists contains the four postulates of natural selection? Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, unlimited survival and reproduction Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction Uniform population, heritable traits, selection, differential survival or reproduction Variation in population, environmental variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction

Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction

Heritable variation is required for which of the following? meiosis mitosis the production of a clone evolution asexual reproduction

evolution

At the fossil site at Punta Alta, Darwin found evidence _____. that Brazilian flatworms were a type of slug that extinction does not happen of extinction that the pampas could support large mammals of divine creation

of extinction At Punta Alta, Darwin found the bones of types of mammals that no longer lived.

Which of the following is an example of the pattern of evolution? (Overview) heredity descent with modification the inheritance of acquired characteristics the fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans natural selection

the fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans

foot: both, double, two: first same: joint: behind: chromosomes:

-pod amphi- prim- homo- (or homeo-) athr- post- (or postero-) -ploid

Karen and Steve each have a sibling with sickle-cell disease. Neither Karen nor Steve nor any of their parents have the disease, and none of them have been tested to see if they have the sickle-cell trait. Based on this incomplete information, calculate the probability that if this couple has a child, the child will have sickle-cell disease. Express your answer as a fraction using the slash symbol and no spaces (for example, 1/16).

1/9

What happened in the soapberry bug population in central Florida when the bugs began to feed on smaller goldenrain tree fruits? Bugs developed short beaks, because they needed them to feed on the small fruits. The length of each bug's beak gradually became shorter over time. Bugs with shorter beaks had more access to food, allowing them to produce more offspring.

Bugs with shorter beaks had more access to food, allowing them to produce more offspring. Bugs that happened to have short beaks were better able to feed on the small fruits. Their increased access to food allowed them to produce more offspring, which also had small beaks. However, bugs with small beaks did not arise in order to feed on the small fruits. Evolutionary change comes about as the proportion of individuals in the population displaying a particular trait increases from generation to generation. The trait does not change gradually in all members of the population.

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution? Cats and bats have similar skeletal configurations in their forelimbs. Both gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants) produce seeds. Human embryos and fish embryos both have pharyngeal pouches. Blind cave fish possess remnants of eye structures under their scales. Dolphins and sharks have a similar streamlined body shape.

Dolphins and sharks have a similar streamlined body shape. These two species do not share a recent common ancestor (one is a mammal, one a fish), and dolphins are descended from land-dwelling mammals. A more likely explanation is that their similar body form is a result of adaptations to their common environment and lifestyle, which exert similar pressures on both species.

If Darwin had been aware of genes and their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement? A single mutation in a single gene in a single gamete, if inherited by future generations, will produce a new species. If an organism acquires new genes by engulfing, or being infected by, another organism, then a new genetic species will result. If natural selection can change gene frequency in a population over generations, given enough time and genetic diversity, then natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones. If an organism's somatic cell genes change during its lifetime, making it more fit, then it will be able to pass these genes on to its offspring.

If natural selection can change gene frequency in a population over generations, given enough time and genetic diversity, then natural selection can cause sufficient genetic change to produce new species from old ones.

with or together with: equal: first: true, good: same: father: other: many:

co- equi- proto- eu- sym- pater (or patr-) allo- poly-

Patagonia is a _____. savanna chaparral grassland desert tropical forest

desert

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____. dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation

dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

Which of the following answers is NEITHER involved with crossing over NOR an outcome of crossing over? formation of chromosomes containing paternal and maternal alleles the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I Chiasmata indicate where crossing over is occurring between homologs. The DNA in two nonsister chromatids is broken by specific proteins at exact points. All of the listed responses pertain to the process of crossing over.

the random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I

1. The phrase Darwin used to describe his broad theory of evolution is "descent with _____________" 2. All of life is related through common ancestry, accounting for the _______ of life. 3. The _________ of life arises from the adaptation of species to different habitats over long spans of time. 4. Darwin proposed a mechanism for how evolution occurs, which he called _____________________. 5. Two key observations underlying natural selection are that members of a population vary in their ___________________ and that all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support. 6. Darwin inferred that those organisms with traits best suited to the environment tend to leave more ___________ than other members of a population 7. This unequal reproduction in a population leads to the gradual accumulation of ____________ to the environment.

1. modification 2. unity 3. diversity 4. natural selection 5. inherited traits 6. offspring 7. adaptations

If each parent can produce 100 genetically distinct gametes, how many genetically distinct offspring can two parents produce? 100 200 1,000 10,000 1,000,000

10,000 The multiplication rule applies to these independent events; therefore, the answer is found by multiplying 100 by 100 to equal 10,000.

In maize (corn plants) a dominant allele I inhibits kernel color, while the recessive allele i permits color when homozygous. At a different locus, the dominant allele P causes purple kernel color, while the homozygous recessive genotype pp causes red kernels. If plants heterozygous at both loci are crossed, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? _____ colorless: _____ purple: _____ red

12:3:1 The dominant allele I is epistatic to the P/p locus, and thus the genotypic ratio for the F1 generation will be 9 I_P_ (colorless) : 3 I_pp (colorless) : 3 iiP_ (purple) : 1 iipp (red). Overall, the phenotypic ratio is 12 colorless : 3 purple : 1 red.

An individual with the genotype AABbCcDD can make how many different kinds of gametes? 2 4 8 16 32

4 The individual varies only at loci B and C (not at A and D, which are homozygous), and there are two possible alleles at each loci (22 = 4)

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? Individuals experience uniform success in their ability to survive or reproduce. Individuals experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce. Individuals experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce.

Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce. Variation in fitness is required for selection to change the characteristics of a population over time. Remember that selection also requires that the variation in fitness be related to a heritable trait.

Darwin's thinking while on the Beagle was greatly influenced by his reading of a book written by _____. Chaucer Bishop Ussher Lyell Shakespeare Wallace

Lyell

Which of the following is a key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory about life? All living things require oxygen to survive. Evolution is based on descent with modification. Organisms are rarely well-suited to their environments. Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things. Earth is very old.

Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things. Organisms do share many basic characteristics. Darwin reasoned that the diverse organisms found on Earth today evolved from a few common ancestors.

Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype? No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host. Yes, drug-susceptible cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-resistant cells. Yes, drug-resistant cells can infect a new host more easily than drug-susceptible cells.

No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host. A cell's drug susceptibility or resistance does not affect its ability to infect another host, although a cell's drug resistance would increase that cell's chances to spread in an environment containing antibiotics due to increased survival.

Can you place each example into the appropriate category of scientific evidence of evolution?

Observation of Natural Selection in Action Changes in average beak size in finches following dry or wet years Development of pesticide resistance in insects Fossil Record Discovery of bones from many different dinosaur species Transitional forms that link whales with land-dwelling ancestors that are now extinct Biogeography Resemblance of island species to nearby mainland species Unique collection of marsupial mammals in Australia Anatomical and Molecular Homologies Same genetic language of DNA and similiar genes in yeasts, fruit flies, and humans Similar forelimb anatomy in different species of mammals

Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification? Earthquakes reshape life by causing mass extinctions. South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe. Species diversity declines farther from the equator. Birds can be found on islands located farther from the mainland than the birds' maximum nonstop flight distance. Fewer species live on islands than on the nearest continents.

South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.

In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of Staphylococcus aureus, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge? In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, bacterial populations gradually began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin. In response to treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections with methicillin, some bacteria began to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin. These bacteria survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common.

Soapberry bugs use needlelike "beaks" to feed on seeds within the fruits of various plants. Bugs feed most successfully when their beak length matches the size of the fruit on which they are feeding. For 25 years, populations of soapberry bugs in central Florida have been feeding on small goldenrain tree fruits that were introduced to the area, rather than on the larger native balloon vine fruits that serve as food for other soapberry bug populations. Beak lengths of soapberry bugs are variable, but the average beak length is shorter in soapberry bug populations that feed on goldenrain tree fruits than in populations that feed on balloon vine fruits, as shown in the graph. How does natural selection act on beak length in soapberry bug populations? Natural selection increases beak length in soapberry bug populations. The action of natural selection on beak length in soapberry bug populations varies with the environment. Natural selection decreases beak length in soapberry bug populations.

The action of natural selection on beak length in soapberry bug populations varies with the environment.

In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer? The corn borers must experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. The corn borers must experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce. The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers. The corn borer must lack variation in resistance to the toxic protein.

The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers.

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. Body parts that are not used deteriorate over time. Organisms only go extinct when catastrophes occur. Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive. The first and fourth answers are correct.

The first and fourth answers are correct. Members of a population vary in their heritable traits. Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive.

Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____. developed in response to the use of methicillin already existed in the population before methicillin was developed always have an advantage in every environment were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections The second and fourth answers are correct.

The second and fourth answers are correct. Resistant varieties existed in the population but did not confer any advantage until the environment changed with the introduction of the drug methicillin.

True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics. True False

True

An adaptation is _____. the cause of natural selection a trait that gives rise to a new species an individual's attempt to conform to its environment a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment all of the above

a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment Evolutionary adaptations are inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

A population of organisms will not evolve if _____. the environment is changing at a relatively slow rate the population size is large the population lives in a habitat without competing species present all individual variation is due only to environmental factors

all individual variation is due only to environmental factors

His experiences with Fuegians and slavery convinced Darwin that differences among all peoples are primarily _____ differences. genetic due to height cultural genetic and height-related cultural and genetic

cultural

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____. the embryological development of many plants and animals is almost identical the more advanced the animal, the more slowly it develops all animals develop similar embryonic gills embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other mutations have a far more dramatic effect on embryos than on adult organisms

embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale. rib cage blowhole flipper tail baleen

flipper

The Argentinean pampas are a type of _____. tropical forest chaparral grassland desert temperate deciduous forest

grassland

Species in hot climates tend to _____ compared to species in cold climates. experience less interspecific competition be less colorful have larger surface-to-volume ratios have smaller surface-to-volume ratios have less fear of humans

have larger surface-to-volume ratios

Which of the following is an example of the process of evolution? the observed match between organisms and their environments herbivory the changes in organisms over time observed in the fossil record the large number and diversity of species of marsupials in Australia the existence of homologous traits such as the forelimbs of mammals

herbivory

The shuffling of chromosomes that occurs during both fertilization and _____ can lead to genetic variation. mutation natural selection mitosis genetic drift meiosis

meiosis Variation is produced as a result of independent assortment and crossing over.

In Darwin's view of descent with modification __________. an organism's traits only affect its own survival environmental changes have no effect on the organisms living in that environment natural selection only operates when an organism needs to evolve individuals can evolve natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment

natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment

At the time Charles Darwin sailed on HMS Beagle, __________. the idea that animals and plants might change over time was absent from Western science several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change the idea of evolution was widely accepted because it could fit into the biblical story of creation the idea of evolution was widely accepted by scientists, but Darwin's great impact was to popularize it for the layperson None of the listed responses is correct.

several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change By the end of the 18th century, several naturalists had suggested that life evolved along with the evolution of Earth. An important facet of Darwin's work is the concept of natural selection as the cause of adaptive evolution

In the Andes, at elevations of 12,000 feet, Darwin collected fossilized marine shells. The existence of marine shells at this altitude provided evidence that _____. marine organisms can survive at great elevation Earth's surface does not change someone carried them from the oceans and left them on the mountains the deposit had been gradually uplifted to its present location geologic processes occur at a rapid rate

the deposit had been gradually uplifted to its present location