Chapter 22
How did Cavour, the man who unified Italy, acquire his wealth?
He first made a fortune in agriculture and then proceeded to make even more money in banking, railroads, and shipping.
How did Napoleon liberalize the French regime?
He legalized trade unions and granted them the right to strike. He also began to liberalize the political process by allowing the Legislative Corps to have more say in political affairs.
What style of literature, art and music became dominant?
Realism.
What was the name of the volunteers that followed Garibaldi of Italy?
Red Shirts.
What was the Zollverein?
A German customs union, formed by Prussia, that had eliminated tolls on rivers and roads to improve economic prosperity in the German states.
What is the event of Napoleon III taking power of the French government called?
A coup d'état.
How did Cavour influence the political realm of Piedmont.
After obtaining political office, he equipped Piedmont with a ready army.
When did the German states unite?
After the Austro-Prussian War, which was won by the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, of Prussia, they began to unify. The unification was completed after the Franco-Prussian War.
What was the result of the war led by Piedmont to remove Austria from Northern Italy?
After winning two successful battles, the French secretly made peace with Austria because they were afraid Prussia would soon enter the war on Austria's side. As a result, Cavour was only able to conquer Lombardy.
Who was Garibaldi?
An Italian from the southern part of Italy who who sought to take control of parts of Italy and create a democratic republic. He was forced to yield by the army of Cavour.
Who was Count Otto von Bismarck?
An aristocrat born in the Junker class of Prussia that would have an incredible bearing on the unification of the German states.
What role did science play in this time period and how was it affected by the other events taking place in Europe?
Atheism and evolution became dominant, health care was greatly improved, new medical schools were established, new surgical practices were developed, and females became more involved in medicine.
Which country had to be removed from Italy before it could unify?
Austria
Why did the success of Napoleon III's plebiscite in 1870 not last?
Because foreign policy failures with Prussia in the same year ended the rule of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War.
How did Cavor go about removing Austria from Italy?
Because of the power of the Austrian army, Cavor allied with the French, under Napoleon III, to drive Austria out of Italy.
Why didn't Austria aid the Russians in the Crimean War?
Because they perceived that it was not in their best interest to aid Russia.
Why did Britain and France fight against Russia in the Crimean War?
Because they were concerned Russia would gain too much power. The British were afraid that their navy could potentially be challenged and the French felt insulted by the Russians' actions of claiming to be the defenders of Christianity.
What were Otto von Bismarck's policies?
Bismarck is considered the ultimate realist and is well-known for his implementation of Realpolitik. He thought war should be used to benefit the state, but that alternative solutions should be tried first.
Who was a key scientist who wrote On the Origin of the Species in favor of the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin.
What were the attributes of Great Britain in the Victorian Age?
Continuing economic growth, labor wages increased, the Reform Act of 1832 doubled the number of active voters.
Who was responsible for the unification of Italy?
Count Camillo di Cavour, who was named Prime Minister of Piedmont, an Italian territory.
What was the name of Marx's unfinished work?
Das Kapital.
How did Napoleon III stimulate economic prosperity in France at the begging of his rule.
Establishing railroads, harbors, roads and canals.
What was the result of Napoleon III's involvement in Mexico?
French troops were sent to maintain order in Mexico but were soon called back to Europe for military purposes. With the absence of an army, the French leader in Mexico, Archduke Maximilian, was quickly overthrown.
Who were some realists artists?
Gustave Courbet and Millet.
What were the basic principles of realism?
In total contrast to Romanticism, Realism focused on ordinary people and real life situations. They simplified literature and the poem was widely replaced by the novel.
Who were the founders of Marxism?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
What happened in France on December 1, 1851?
Napoleon III used troops to take control of the government and was then granted ten more years in office.
Which names of musicians are tied to Realism?
Liszt and Wagner.
What was the result of the Crimean War?
Loss of more than 250,000 soldiers, the Black Sea became neutral territory, and Russia lost control of Bessarabia. The Concert of Europe was also destroyed.
What changed in the Italian states of Parma, Modena, Tuscany and some of the Papal States that caused them to fight alongside Piedmont against the Austrians?
Nationalists had gained political control in theses states and, in plebiscites, agreed to join in what they saw as an attempt to unify Italy.
Which countries fought in the Crimean war?
Russia, Britain and France.
Why did Russia expect Austria to help them in the Crimean War?
Russian troops had saved the Austrian government in 1849.
What changes occurred in Russian under the rule of Tsar Alexander II?
Serfdom was ended, the zemstvo system was put into place, rapid change was advocate by conservatives, and populism arose.
How was Italy able to rise in victory over Austria despite the betrayal by France?
Several Italian states, namely Parma, Modena, Tuscany and some of the Papal States agreed to help Piedmont.
Which work set forth the reasons and principles of Marxism?
The Communist Manifesto.
What were the wars that were fought by Otto von Bismarck?
The Danish War, the Austro-Prussian War, and the Franco-Prussian War.
What was the purpose and result of the Danish War?
The Danish attempted to take control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, which both had large German populations. Bismarck persuaded Austria to join Prussia in a war against Denmark and the Danes were quickly defeated.
What connection between European events can be connected to those of American countries?
The United States of America had a civil war over slavery only two years after Russia freed the serfs. Canada emerged as a nation.
What was the Ausgleich?
The act that transformed the Austrian Empire into the the Austria-Hungary Empire.
What were the principles of The Communist Manifesto?
The history of all society was based on class struggles, there has always been conflict between the oppressed and the oppressive, and that a classless government would be needed to keep politics from favoring one class.
What was the purpose and result of the Franco-Prussian War?
The was occurred over a dispute to the throne of Spain. Bismarck intentionally goaded France into invading Prussia. The German states allied with Prussia and France was beaten and Napoleon III executed.
What was the purpose and result of the Austro-Prussian War?
This was the war fought to drive the Austrians out of the German states. Prussia was able to defeat Austria because Bismarck had made agreements with all the other states so that they didn't aid Austria. Furthermore, the Prussian army was recently reorganized and advanced, which caused the war to end in Prussian victory.
What were some early domestic policies of Napoleon III?
Using government resources to stimulate economy liberalization of the regime.
