Chapter 22 & 23 Solutions/Acids & Bases

neutralization

a chemical reaction that takes place between an acid and a base. This produces water and a salt.

What is solubility?

(how much of it can dissolve) The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given solvent at a given temperature. (sweet tea-if I have a glass of hot sweet tea—could I put 3 measuring cups of sugar into it? No—I could put this in a galloon of sweet tea

solution

a mixture that has the same compositon, color, density, and taste throughout. Example: sweet tea-the 1st sip tastes like the last sip

nonpolar molecule

a molecule that has no separated postive and negative ends

polar molecule

a molecule with a positive and negative ends

bases

a substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water solution

Effects of solute particles: raising boiling point

adding solut eparticles can also interfere with the solvent's ability to boil, thus riaing the boiling point. (It does not boil as fast)

Effects of solute paritcles: lowering freezing point

adding solute particles can interfere with solvent's particles ability to form together. This lowers the freezing point (it has to be a lot colder before it would get togther and freeze)

bases

antacid, laxative, fertilizer, cleaning supplies, soap

bases

are crystalline solids

acids

can be found in foods

buffers

can offest changes in the pH scale

ions

charged particles

example of a buffer

chemicals in a pool

nonelectrolytes

do not form ions in water and cannot conduct electricity

polar molecule

example: H20

nonpolar molecule

example: oil

extremely acidic (strong)

farther away from 7 the lower the # the stronger the acid

extremely basic (strong base)

farthest away from 7 the stronger the higher the # the stronger the base

bases

feel slippery and taste bitter

Supersaturated Solution -

got saturated then you gradually/slowly added a little more so it could hold it.

pH scale

measure of the concentration of H+ ions

why wont oil dissolve in water?

oil is non-polar and cannot be dissolved by a polar solvent such as water

acidic

pH of 0-6.9

neutral

pH of 7 (water)

basic

pH of 7.1-14

List the 3 factors that affect the rate at which a solute will dissolve AND describe how each of them can speed up the dissolving process?

1) Stirring or shaking-brings more solvent (you are making the spoon hit the sugar and water quicker) 2) Reduce crystal size-easier for the water to yank the crystal apart if it is smaller or broken up into a powder 3) Increase temperature-(you should make sweet tea with water hot)—giving it more energy. Heat water it starts to boil.

the 3 step process of how sugar dissolves in water

1) The moving water molecules cluster around the sugar molecules (ex if you put a drop of water on a spoon and stick it into sugar it will stick to the spoon) 2) Water molecules pull the sugar molecules into solution Water molecules and sugar molecules spread out evenly

Unsaturated Solution -

Can dissolve more. Big gallon of sweet tea can hold a lot more sugar than a small cup

Saturated Solution -

Contains all the given solution that it can hold at a given temp. (cannot hold anymore). Sweet tea is made and the sugar sits at the bottom. The sugar was saturated -too much sugar—too full of sugar.)

Describe 2 ways in which you could increase the solubility of gas in a liquid.

Increase the pressure of a gas---example: soft drink—decrease the pressure when opening the drink...gas escapes...less pressure=less soluable decreasing the temp.—placing it in the fridge.

Do all solutions have to be liquid? If not, then list some non-liquid solutions.

No. bronze (mixture of copper & tin).

solvent

Substance doing the dissolving.

solute

Substance that is being dissolved.

Can two solids be dissolved into one another? If so, how would you do it?

Yes. Melt them down into a liquid. Then mix evenly together. Then they will cool down into a bronze.

electrolytes

produces ions in H20 and conduct electricity

pH scale

ranges from 0-14

acids

react strongly with metal and can damage human tissue

buffers

solutions that react with acids and bases to minimize their effects on p

acids

sour taste and corrosive

acid

substance that produces ions (H+) in a water solution

dissolving non-polar

to dissolve a non-polar solute, you need a non-polar solvent

dissolving polar

to dissolve a polar solute, you need a polar solvent

acids

vitamic c, carbonated drinks, stomach acid

polarity

water is considered the universal solvent, howver, it cannot dissolve everything. It all depends on polarity.