Chapter 22 Connect (A&P2)

Identify the form of lung cancer that is most likely to become metastatic.

small-cell carcinoma

Identify the tissue that lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

stratified squamous epithelium

___ receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli.

stretch

The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells is called:

systemic gas exchange

The distal most part of the respiratory system that is incapable of respiration is (are) the ___.

terminal bronchioles

Identify the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx. (choose two)

thyrohyoid cricotracheal

The ___ is a smooth muscle that relaxes or contracts to adjust tracheal airflow.

trachealis

___ are cuboidal cells, responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung.

type II alveolar cells

___ are cuboidal cells, responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lungs.

type II alveolar cells

The ___ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.

ventral

Identify the condition that would make oxygen toxic to the body.

100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour

The right lung has ___ (number) lobes and ___ (number) fissures.

3; 2

Hemoglobin is composed of ___ globin subunits and ___ heme units.

4; 4

The hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to ___.

PO2 of arterial blood

___ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

acidosis

The exchange of gases across the respiratory membranes is called:

alveolar gas exchange

Movement of the ___ cartilages results in abduction or adduction of the vocal cords.

arytenoid

The chloride shift occurs during carbon dioxide loading and is accomplished when:

bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC chloride ions are transported into th RBC

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of ___.

bocarbonate

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

carbaminohemoglobin dissolved gas bicarbonate ion

When carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, it is called:

carboxyhemoglobin

Identify the factor typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals.

cerebrospinal fluid pH

Identify the factors detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors.

changes in blood carbon dioxide saturation changes in blood oxygen saturation changes in blood pH

You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later, it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law?

charles's law

List two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

chronic bronchitis emphysema

The ___ division of the respiratory system is incapable of gas exchange between air and the circulatory system.

conducting

Along with the arytenoid cartilage, the ___ cartilages are also involved in movement of the vocal folds.

corniculate

The larynx is attached to the trachea by a ring of hyaline cartilage called the ___ cartilage.

cricoid

Indicate which two of these structures are comprised of hyaline cartilage.

cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage

The ___ ligament joins the larynx to the trachea.

cricotracheal

Identify the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx. (choose two)

cricotracheal thyrohyoid

Identify the paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal cords.

cuneiform

A bluish color of the skin and mucous due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called ___.

cyanosis

___ law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases.

dalton's

Identify the two factors that would decrease the affinity for hemoglobin for oxygen.

decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue decreased blood pH

Identify the two factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

decreased blood pH decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue

Describe the mechanism of carbon dioxide loading

diffusion of carbon dioxide from the tissues (higher concentration) into the plasma and then into the RBCs (lower concentration)

The ___ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly.

dorsal

Inhalation of cigarette smoke often lead to ___ which is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

emphysema

True or false: Depending on the metabolic needs of a tissue, all of the oxygen transported by a RBC may be unloaded at a systemic capillary.

false

True or false: The majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood in transported by carbaminohemoglobin.

false; the majority of carbon dioxide in the blood is part of the carbonate/bicarbonate buffering system.

True or false: The pleural cavity contains the lungs

false; the pleural cavity is a space between the visceral and parietal membranes. this "potential cavity" is filled with serous fluid

Name the respiratory volume measurement that takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled.

forced expiratory volume

___ law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.

henry's

The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. The slit is called the ___.

hilum

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of ___ cartilage tissue.

hyaline

The nasal septum is composed of:

hyaline cartilage bone tissue

The term ___ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg).

hypercapnia

A deficiency of oxygen in the bloodstream is called ___.

hypoxemic hypoxia

Insufficient oxygen reaching a tissue is called ___.

hypoxia

Identify two factors that would DECREASE the affinity for hemoglobin for oxygen. Select all that apply.

increased biphosphoglycerate production by RBC increased temperature

Identify the principle synergistic muscles of resting respiration. Select all that apply.

internal intercostals external intercostals

The ___ pressure refers to the slight vacuum (-4 mm Hg) that exists in between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes.

intrapleural

According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is ___ proportional to its volume.

inversely

Coughing and bronchoconstriction may result when ___ receptors are stimulated within the epithelium of the airway.

irritant

The ___ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

one

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane.

one shared basement membrane type I (squamous) alveolar cell endothelial cell of capillary

The ___ tonsil(s) is/are found in th nasopharynx.

pharyngeal

The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drinks, but is also important in sound production, is called the ___.

pharynx

The ___ includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting and respiratory zones.

physiological dead space

The ___ of the voice is the characteristic of the voice that is dependent upon the tension of the vocal cords.

pitch

Name the fluid that is found in the pleural cavities.

pleural fluid

A(n) ___ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity.

pneumothorax

List the correct order of more proximal airways to the more distal airways.

primary bronchus secondary bronchus tertiary bronchus terminal bronchus respiratory bronchiole

Identify the origin of voluntary stimuli for respiration.

primary motor cortex

Which of these are true of pleural fluid?

reduces friction during breathing it is a slippery film in the pleural cavity

At which level of the bronchiole tree does gas exchange first occur?

respiratory bronchiole

The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined by:

respiratory epithelium

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in the:

right primary bronchus (wider and more vertical than the left bronchus)