Chapter 22 Genomics I: Analysis of DNA

What is a molecular marker?

A segment of DNA that can be uniquely identified using molecular tools

What is a microsatellite?

A short DNA sequence repeated many times in a row

A cloning vector that can accommodate a large DNA insert and behave like a chromosome when it is inside a living cell is called a(n) ____________ chromosome.

Artificial/YAC

Cytogeneticists can distinguish one chromosome from another based on the _________ patterns that are obtained when chromosomes are treated with certain dyes.

Banding

In a FISH experiment, what molecule is incorporated into the single-stranded DNA probes that later allows for detection of the probes?

Biotin

How can eukaryotic chromosomes be distinguished from one another in the microscope?

Chromosomes can be treated with dyes that produce unique banding patterns for each chromosome.

Obtaining a physical map of the human genome was one of the goals of the Human Genome Project. Accomplishing this goal required ______.

Cloning many segments of chromosomal DNA into BACs, YACs, and cosmids

In situ hybridization is a technique that is often used for __________ mapping

Cytogenetic

The type of mapping in which a gene is localized to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern is ________ mapping

Cytogenetic

Cytogenic Mapping - Determination of the locations of specific sequences relative to bands on chromosomes. Linkage Mapping - Determining the relative locations of genes on a chromosome based on their frequency of genetic recombination. Physical Mapping - Determining the locations of genes and other DNA sequences using DNA cloning techniques.

Cytogenic Mapping - Determination of the locations of specific sequences relative to bands on chromosomes. Linkage Mapping - Determining the relative locations of genes on a chromosome based on their frequency of genetic recombination. Physical Mapping - Determining the locations of genes and other DNA sequences using DNA cloning techniques.

A collection of recombinant vectors that each contain a particular fragment of chromosomal DNA is called a DNA _______

DNA Library

The Human Genome Project used DNA from a single individual to obtain the human genome sequence. T/F

False Reason: The human DNA that was used for the Human Genome Project came from several volunteers who remained anonymous.

During FISH, the location of a bound probe can be detected through the emission of ______ light

Fluorescent

The total genetic composition of an organism or species is its _________

Genome

A research endeavor with the goal of determining the sequence of DNA bases in an organism's entire genome is called a(n) __________-_________ project

Genome-Sequencing

What stain is used to produce banding patterns on chromosomes so that the location of a bound probe in a FISH experiment can be compared to banded chromosomes?

Giemsa

A collection of genes from an environmental sample is called a ______.

Metagenome

A segment of DNA that is located at a specific site along a chromosome and that has properties that allow it to be uniquely identified using molecular tools is called a(n) _________ marker.

Molecular

If DNA is collected from a haploid cell, how many bands will be produced by an STS that is amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis?

One

Cloning many segments of human chromosomal DNA into BACs, YACs, and cosmids was an important step in obtaining a(n) __________ map of the human genome.

Physical

Geneticists use several types of mapping strategies to identify the locations of genes. The approach that relies on DNA cloning techniques and allows computation of distances in base pairs is ___________ mapping. The technique that is based on recombination frequencies between genes is _________ mapping. The technique that locates genes relative to bands on chromosomes that are visible by microscopy is __________ mapping.

Physical Linkage Cytogenetic

Which mapping strategy involves cloning many pieces of DNA and characterizing their sizes and relative locations along a chromosome?

Physical Mapping

Which of the following is an accurate description of shotgun sequencing?

Random DNA fragments are sequenced, and overlapping parts of the sequence are identified.

Many microorganisms that live in soil, water, and the human intestinal tract are difficult to study because ____________________

Researchers may not understand their growth requirements They may require the presence of a complex microbial community

A site that can be uniquely amplified by PCR is called a(n) _______ __________ site, or an STS.

Sequence Tagged

One of the methods that is used for genome-sequencing projects involves the sequencing of randomly generated DNA fragments followed by identification of overlapping regions in the DNA sequence. This method is called __________ sequencing

Shotgun

What is high-throughput sequencing?

The ability to rapidly sequence large amounts of DNA

What is metagenomics?

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material from an environmental sample

Why are microbes that live in water, soil, and the human intestinal tract difficult to study in the laboratory?

They are difficult to culture.

What is the goal of a genome-sequencing project?

To determine the DNA sequence of the entire genome of a given species

What is the goal of cytogenetic mapping?

To localize a gene to a site within a chromosomal banding pattern.

Order of steps for Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Treat cells with agents that cause them to swell and fix them onto a slide. Denature chromosomal DNA Hybridize chromosomal DNA to single-stranded DNA probes containing biotin. Add fluorescently labeled avidin. View with a fluorescence microscope.

Molecular genetic technologies such as gene cloning and DNA sequencing have been improved as a direct result of the efforts of the Human Genome Project. T/F

True Reason: One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to develop technological advances in genetic methodology. All of the techniques listed here have been improved as a direct result of the Human Genome Project.

The presence of two bands corresponding to a sequence-tagged site that has been amplified by PCR and subjected to gel electrophoresis indicates that the ______.

cell was heterozygous for the STS

A genome-sequencing project helps basic research scientists by providing information about which __________ a given species has

genes

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by _________________

identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes

During in situ hybridization, a DNA probe made from a cloned gene binds to ________

its complementary sequence on a particular chromosome

In positional cloning, a gene is cloned based on ______.

its location along a chromosome

An organism's genome is ____________.

its total genetic composition

Identifying and localizing millions of genetic markers was an important procedure for the Human Genome Project's goal of obtaining a genetic ______ map of the human genome.

linkage

A short repetitive DNA sequence, such as a dinucleotide sequence repeated many times in a row, is called a(n) _______________.

microsatellite

What is a sequence-tagged site?

A DNA sequence that can be amplified uniquely by PCR

What is an artificial chromosome?

A cloning vector that can accept large DNA inserts and be passed on like a chromosome in a living cell

What does the term mapping mean in the context of genetics?

Determining the locations of genes along individual chromosomes

The location of a fluorescently-labeled probe relative to the banding pattern of a chromosome is determined by comparing the results of a FISH experiment to a sample of chromosomes that have been stained with _______

Giesma

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by ____________

Identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on chromosomes

What outcomes have already resulted from the Human Genome Project?

Improved DNA sequencing technology Sequence data for the 22 human autosomes Improvements in cloning technology Improvements in software for accessing and analyzing sequence data Sequence data for the human X and Y chromosomes

The mapping technique that relies on the frequency of recombinant offspring for determination of the distance between genetic loci is __________ mapping

Linkage

Which mapping strategy involves cloning many pieces of DNA and characterizing their sizes and relative locations along a chromosome?

Physical mapping

The strategy in which a gene is cloned based on its mapped location along a chromosome is called __________ cloning

Positional

To analyze a microsatellite sequence, a scientist must first amplify it by PCR. This requires the use of PCR __________ that flank the repeated sequence in the microsatellite.

Primers

Developing technology for the management of human genome information was one of the goals of the Human Genome Project. To meet this goal, the Human Genome project developed ______.

analytical tools for interpreting genome information

A technique called ____________ __________ hybridization can be used to localize a gene of interest due to the ability of a cloned DNA sequence to hybridize to a chromosome through complementary base pairing.

fluorescence situ

A fluorescent microscope is used to detect bound DNA probes in FISH. To detect the fluorescent molecules, the sample is illuminated with fluorescent light, and then the fluorescent molecule emits light at a(n) __________ wavelength, which is transmitted and detected.

longer/higher/greater

A microsatellite can be amplified by PCR using primers that are located ________________ the microsatellite.

on both sides of

In linkage mapping, the distance between sites on the same chromosome is determined by calculating the frequency of ____________.

recombinant offspring

Genome-sequencing projects benefit scientists because they ________________.

Provide information about a species' genes Make it easier to clone and characterize genes

In genetics, the experimental process of determining the relative locations of genes or other DNA segments along individual chromosomes is referred to as __________

Mapping

The study of a complex mixture of genetic material obtained from an environmental sample is called ________________

Metagenomics