Chapter 22 Immunology

The primary response will peak how long after an exposure?

10-17 days

Which of the following is an INCORRECT matching of immune system cells and their functions?

All of these are correct matching of the cells and their functions

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

All of these are functions of the lymphatic system

As part of our second line of defense, [dropdown 1] promotes lysis and phagocytosis of microbes while [dropdown 2] protects uninfected cells from viral replication.

Answer 1: complement system proteins, Answer 2: interferons (IFNs)

Together [dropdown 1] trap(s) and [dropdown 2] remove microbes and dust from the upper respiratory tract.

Answer 1: mucus, Answer 2: cilia

List the five actions of antibodies.

Antibodies can act as a neutralizing agent, they can immobilize bacteria, agglutinate and precipitate the antigen, activate the complement and enhance phagocytosis.

Which of the following induces the production of a specific antibody?

Antigen

Which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells?

Antigen presenting cells

Genetic recombination generates diversity in what specific part of the immune system?

Antigen receptors

What types of cells are located in area D in the figure? Select all that apply.

B cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells

List the types of barriers used in innate defense.

Barriers used by the innate defense include epidermis, mucus, hairs, cilia, lacrimal apparatus, saliva, urine, vaginal secretions, sebum, perspiration and gastric juices.

An individual who has had a splenectomy is scheduled to undergo a dental procedure. Describe what preventive measures the dentist is likely to take prior to performing the procedure and explain why?

Because an individual who has undergone a splenectomy is more susceptible to infections, and because the mouth contains millions of different bacteria that will likely enter the bloodstream following a dental procedure that causes bleeding in the mouth, the patient will have to take prophylactic antibiotics to protect against a systemic infection. The dentist will prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic that has been proven effective against most common bacterial infections of an oral origin.

Which anti-microbial substances promote cytolysis, phagocytosis and inflammation?

Complement proteins

Which of the following is a small hormone that can stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions?

Cytokine

The presence of more abundant efferent than afferent lymph vessels associated with each lymph node slows the one-way flow of lymph in the series of lymphatic sinuses for more efficient immune response.

False

Which of the following intensifies the effect of interferons and promotes the rate of repair?

Fever

Which of the following stimulates an immune response ONLY when it is attached to a larger carrier molecule?

Hapten

Which cells display CD4 proteins and interact with MHC Class II antigens?

Helper T Cells

Which cell must be activated in order to achieve virtually all cell mediated immune responses?

Helper T cells

Which class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions?

IgA

Which class of antibodies in the blood and lymph indicates a recent invasion?

IgM

When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are described as being

Immunocompetent

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system?

Increased response of T cells to antigens

Which of the following is an effect of stress on the immune system?

Inhibition of the immune system

Which anti-microbial substances reduce viral replication in uninfected cells?

Interferons

Which cytokine released by macrophages acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature during fever?

Interleukin-1

Which of the following C3 activation pathways involves antigen-antibody complexes leading to inflammation, enhancement of phagocytosis and lysis of microbes?

Lectin pathway

What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white?

Lipids

What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?

Location

The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in the

Lymphatic, Immune and Cardiovascular systems

Which of the following cells exists in the greatest variety in the immune system?

Lymphocyte

Which chemical released by cytotoxic T cells fragments DNA?

Lymphotoxin

Which of these does NOT provide a physical or chemical barrier?

Macrophages

Which of these provides a non-specific second line of defense?

Macrophages

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic and immune system?

Maintaining water homeostasis in the body

Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

Mucus production

Which of the following organ systems is NOT aided by the MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)?

Muscular system

Which of the following cells is part of the body's second line of defense?

Natural killer cells

Exposure to an infectious agent during your day-to-day activities leads to:

Naturally acquired active immunity

Describe the ways to acquire adaptive immunity.

Naturally acquired active immunity is acquired following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition by B and T cells and costimulation leading to formation of antibody-secreting plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B and T memory cells. Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs when IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across the placental barrier or IgA antibodies are transferred from mother to infant during breast-feeding. Artificially acquired active immunity is acquired via antigens introduced during vaccinations. Artificially acquired passive immunity is acquired via intravenous injection of immunoglobulins.

Which type of immunity defends against any type of invader?

Nonspecific

Which complement system action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis?

Opsonization

Which of the following is NOT considered an organ of the immune system?

Pancreas

Which of these chemicals do NOT induce vasodilation, increased permeability, and increased fluid flow to an infection site?

Perforin

The ability of an antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it has provoked is called

Reactivity

Which of the following is a function of the spleen?

Removes worn out blood cells

Lack of resistance is also known as:

Susceptibility

To become activated, which of the following requires being bound to a foreign antigen AND simultaneous costimulation?

T cell

Describe what process is happening in the diagram.

The diagram represents processing and presenting of exogenous antigen by an antigen-presenting cell.

Describe how lymphatic capillaries are one-way only vessels.

The ends of the endothelial cells in the wall of the lymphatic capillary overlap. When pressure is higher in the interstitial fluid than in the lymph, the cells separate slightly allowing interstitial fluid into the vessel. When pressure is greater inside, the cells are tightly packed, not allowing the lymph to cross back into the interstitial fluid.

What process does this diagram represent?

The formation of lymph from interstitial fluid into a lymphatic capillary through the spaces between overlapping endothelial cells.

The left subclavian vein receives lymph from the

Thoracic duct

In which part of the thymus are T cells thought to die?

Thymic (Hassall's) corpuscles

Which organ produces a hormone that promotes maturation of T cells?

Thymus

Naturally acquired passive immunity is associated with which of the following?

Transfer of IgG from mother to fetus

Which type of allergic reaction is the most common type?

Type I (anaphylactic) reaction

In the diagram, where do T cells mature? REPLACE WITH FIGURE 22.1

a) A

Which structure in the figure is the main duct for the return of a majority of lymph to the blood?

a) A

Lymph flowing from A to E will travel through the irregular channels with reticular fibers in what sequence?

a) B - C - D

What type of cell is located in area B in the figure?

a) B cells

Which of the following can stimulate artificially acquired active immunity ? Select all that apply.

a) administration of a vaccine c) administration of a toxin that has been heat treated to inactivate it

A tonsillectomy may be recommended when the patient has suffered with which of the following symptoms for more than three months despite treatment? Select all that apply.

a) obstructed air pathways b) difficulty swallowing c) difficulty talking

What are the major differences between the lymph in vessel E compared to vessel A? Select all that apply.

a) presence of antibodies b) amount of foreign substances c) presence of activated T cells d) direction of valves relative to node

By which processes do bacteria evade phagocytosis? Select all that apply.

a) prevention of adherence by a capsule b) production of leukocidin toxins c) inhibition of fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes

The structure in this figure would be classified as

a) secondary lymphatic organ

In the figure, B, C & D are identifying which component of the lymph node?

a) sinuses

Antigens that induce an allergic reaction are called

allergens

An acute (Type I) allergic response can lead to:

anaphylactic shock

The development of self-tolerance through B cell and T cell inactivation after antigen recognition without the second costimulation signal involves which process?

anergy

Which type of adaptive immunity will result from intravenous injection of immunoglobulins?

artificially acquired passive immunity

In the diagram, where do pluripotent stem cell originate?

b) B

In the diagram which vessel drains lymph from the upper right side of the body into venous blood at the right subclavianvein.

b) C

In the diagram, which region would include B cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages?

b) C

In the diagram, which region would include B cells, plasma cells and macrophages?

c) D

Which structure in the figure is the cisterna chyli?

c) F

Plasma cells are located in which area in the figure?

d) D

Which structure in the figure is the right lymphatic duct?

d) H

Which structure in the figure is a lymphatic vessel?

e) G

Which cells of the immune system are the primary targets of the HIV virus?

helper T cells

What class of disorders, including AIDS and SCID, involves the destruction of B and T cells resulting in the inability of the immune system to protect the body from pathogens?

immunodeficiency diseases

The level of thymic hormones

is highest in childhood

Which cells increase the permeability of blood vessels by releasing histamine?

mast cells

Which type of adaptive immunity will result from mother-to-baby IgA transfer via breast feeding?

naturally acquired passive immunity

Lymphatic capillaries, because of their greater permeability than blood capillaries, can readily absorb which molecules that are NOT easily absorbed by blood capillaries? Select all that apply.

proteins, lipids

An individual in a coma who is not able to move, will most likely have a reduction in activity of the

skeletal muscle pump