chapter 22-Land Biomes

Compare and contrast succession and eutrophication in fresh water ecosystems?

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What are the 3 light zones in an open ocean?

1. sunlit zone: Photosynthesis takes place only in this zone. Microscopic algae and other producers in this zone form the base for the ocean food chain. 2. twilight zone: Very little sunlight reaches this zone. Many species of fish stay in the twilight zone during the day and swim to the sunlit zone at night to feed. 3. dark zone: No sunlight reaches the dark zone. Many organisms that live here live near cracks on the sean floor where lava erupts.

picture of volcano what kind of succession occurs?

1.Primary succession occurs in the picture. It is primary because when a volcano erupts, the molten lava flows over the ground and into the water after the eruption is over the eruption is over it cools into hardened rock. 2.Over time the rock will break down in to soil because of the acid released by lichens. 3.Then spores from mosses and ferns add to the soil when they die. Then the soil gradually becomes thick enough to hold water. Then insect and small organisms move into the area. 4. After many years the soil is deep enough and fertile for grasses, wildflowers, trees, and shrubs. The new ecosystem provides habitats for many animals. Eventually a climax community forms.

Taiga biome

A Taiga is a forest biome consisting mostly of cone bearing evergreen trees. The Taiga exists only in the northern hemisphere. It occupies more space on Earth's continents than any other biome. Winters are long cold and snowy. Summers are short warm and moist. Soil is thin and acidic.

A group of ecosystems with a similar climate.

A biome

biome

A biome is a geographic area on earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abiotic features. Earth has 7 major land biomes. Areas classified as the same biome have similar climates and organisms.

What is a Climax community?

A climax community is a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes.

Ocean coral reefs

A coral reef is an under water structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft bodied animals called coral. Most coral reefs form in shallow tropical oceans. Coral reefs protect coastlines from storm damage and erosion. Coral reefs have high biodiversity.

An ocean ecosystem formed from the skeletons of animals is a ...

A coral reef.

What is the difference between a wetland and a estuary?

An estuary is a region along coastlines where streams or rivers flow into a body of salt water. And wetlands are the aquatic ecosystems that have a thin layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the time.

human impacts on desert biomes

Cities and farms use valuable water supply. Desert plants grow slowly, recovery from damage takes many years when they are damaged by people or livestock.

A stable community that no longer goes through major changes.

Climax community

Biodiversity of coral reefs

Coral reefs provide food and shelter for many animals, including parrotfish, groupers, eels, shrimp, angelfish and snails.

Costal oceans

Costal oceans include several types of ecosystems including continental shelves and intertidal zones.

Desert Biome

Deserts are biomes that receive very little rain. They are on nearly every continent, and are earths driest ecosystems. Most deserts are hot in the day and cold at night. Other deserts in Antarctica are always cold. Rainwater drains away quickly because the soil is thin and porous. Large patches of the ground are bare. Biodiversity includes lizards, bats, woodpeckers, and snakes. Plant adaptations include shallow roots that absorb water quickly, accordion like stems that expand and store water. Small leaves or spines reduce water loss. This includes spiny cactus and thorny shrubs.

Process of one ecological community gradually changing into another

Ecological succession

Ecological succession

Ecological succession is the process of one ecological community gradually changing into another. This occurs in a series of steps. The steps can usually be predicted. For example small plants grow first then larger plants such as trees grow last.

The process of one ecological community changing into another is...

Ecological succession.

Estuaries

Estuaries are regions along coastlines where streams or rivers flow into a body of salt water. Most estuaries form along coastlines where freshwater in rivers meets saltwater in oceans. Salinity depends on the rainfall, the amount of freshwater flowing from land, and the amount of salt water pushed in by tides. Estuaries help protect costal land from flooding and erosion. Just like Wetlands they purify water and filter out pollution. Nutrient levels are high.

Area where a river empties into an ocean

Estuary

Eutrophication

Eutrophication is the process of a body of water becoming nutrient rich. Eutrophication is a natural part of aquatic succession. Humans help contribute to eutrophication. The fertilizers that farmers use and animal waste which is high in nutrients drain in to rivers. The high nutrient levels support algae and other microscopic organisms. These organisms use most of the dissolved oxygen in the water so less oxygen is available for fish and other pond or lake organisms. As a result many of these organisms die and their decaying bodies add to the build up of soil, speeding up succession

biodiversity and human impact on Taiga biome

Evergreen trees such as spruce, pine, and fir are thin and shed snow easily. Animals include owls, bears, moose, mice, and other cold adapted species. abundant insects in summer attract many birds which migrate south in the winter. The human impact is tree harvesting reduces the Taiga habitat.

Why do few organisms live in the deep water of lakes?

Few organisms live in the deep water of lakes because the lack of sunlight stops plants from growing and then the animals that eat plants have no food down there.

biodiversity in temperate rainforest biomes

Forests are dominated by spruce, hemlock, cedar, fir and redwood trees which can grow very big and tall. Fungi, ferns, mosses and small flowering plants grow on the moist forest floor. Animals include eagles, foxes, bears, deer, elk, frogs, and butterflies.

tropical rain forest biome

Forests near the equator are called tropical rainforests. They receive large amounts of rain and dense growths of tall leafy trees. Weather is warm and wet year round. soil is shallow and easily washed away by rain. less than 1% of sunlight that reaches the top of the trees reaches the ground. half of earths species live in tropical rainforests. Most live in the canopy.

Freshwater Ecosystems include:

Freshwater ecosystems include streams, rivers, ponds, & lakes. Streams are usually narrow, shallow & fast moving. Rivers are larger, deeper, & flow more slowly.

Grassland biome

Grassland biomes are areas where grasses are the dominant plants. Example, prairie, savannahs, and meadows.

Human impact on freshwater ponds and lakes.

Humans fill in ponds and lakes with sediment to create land for houses and other structures. Runoff from farms, gardens and roads washes pollutants into ponds and lakes disrupting the food web.

How do humans impact wetlands?

Humans impact wetlands by draining them and filling them with soil and them using them as land to build homes and roads on.

Where would you find plants with stems that can store large amounts of water.

In a desert

Tundra biodiversity

In the Tundra plants include shallow rooted mosses, lichens, and grasses. Many animals hibernate or migrate south during winter. Few animals including lemmings, live in Tundras year round.

wetland biodiversity

Insects are abundant and include flies, mosquitoes, dragon flies, and butterflies. More than one third of North American bird species including ducks, geese, and loons use wetlands for nesting and feeding. Other animals like alligators, turtles and frogs depend on the wetlands for feeding and breeding. Few trees live in saltwater wetlands but freshwater wetlands include willows, swamp oaks, and cotton woods.

Coastal zone between the highest point and the lowest point

Intertidal zone

Human impacts on Estuaries

Large portions of Estuaries have been filled with soil to make land for roads and buildings. Destruction of Estuaries reduces habitat for Estuaries species and exposes the coastline to flooding and storm damage.

Describe what might happen to a coastal area if its estuary were filled in to build houses.

Many species of birds and fish that depend on the estuary for breeding and feeding would die and the coastline would be exposed to flooding and storm damage because estuaries help protect costal land.

Which organisms are at the base of most ocean food chains?

Microscopic algae and other producers are the organisms that are at the base of most ocean food chains.

biodiversity of open oceans

Microscopic algae and other producers in the sunlit zone form the base of most ocean food chains. Many species of fish stay in the twilight zone during the day and swim in the sunlit zone at night to feed. Bottom dwelling organisms feed on decaying matter that drifts down from above. Many organisms in the dark zone live in cracks on the sea floor where lava erupts.

*What is my biome

My biome is a temperate deciduous forest. It includes raccoons, Butterflies, hydrangeas, and maples.

What happens to a pond, a lake, or a wetland over time.

Over time ponds, lakes, and wetlands fill completely with soil and a land ecosystem forms. 1. Sediment & decaying organisms float down to the bottom of the body of water, build up, & create soil. 2. Over time, the soil fills the bottom of the body of water, and eventually, the body of water fills completely with soil & a land ecosystem develops.

Human impact on open oceans

Overfishing threatens many ocean fish. Trash discarded in to the oceans is a source of pollution and animals such as seals become tangled in plastic or mistake it for food.

What is the human impact on freshwater streams and rivers?

People take water from streams and rivers for drinking, laundry, bathing, and crops. Hydroelectric plants use the energy in flowing water to generate electricity. Dams stop the flow of water. Runoff from cities, industries and farms is a source of pollution.

The first species to grow on new or disturbed land

Pioneer species

*Give examples of how plants and animals adapt to temperate deciduous ecosystems.

Plants and animals adapt to the temperate deciduous ecosystem by losing their leaves in the fall, stop growing during the winter, and begin growing in the spring. Some animals hibernate during the winter and others migrate to warmer climates during winter.

Biodiversity in freshwater ponds and lakes

Plants surround ponds and lake shores. Surface water in ponds and lakes contains plants, algae, and microscopic organisms that use sunlight for photosynthesis. Organisms living in shallow water near shore lines include, cattails, reeds, insects, crayfish, frogs, fish, and turtles. Few organisms live in the deeper, colder water of lakes. Lake fish include perch, trout, bass, and walleye.

Biodiversity of Estuaries

Plants that grow in saltwater include mangroves, pickle weeds, and sea grasses. Animals include worms, snails, and many seafoods such as shrimp, oysters, crabs, and clams. Many species of birds depend on estuaries for breeding, nesting and feeding.

Fresh water ponds and lakes

Ponds and lakes contain freshwater that is not flowing downhill. They form bodies of water on low laying areas of land. Ponds are shallow and warm. Sunlight reaches the bottom of most ponds. Pond water is often high in nutrients Lakes are larger and deeper than most ponds. Sunlight penetrates in to the top few feet of lake water. Deeper water is dark and cold.

How do ponds and lakes differ?

Ponds are smaller, shallower, and warmer. Lakes are larger and deeper and the water is colder the deeper you go. Pond water is often high in nutrients.

The amount of salt dissolved in water

Salinity

Which process occurs after a forest fire.

Secondary succession

Where does secondary succession occur?

Secondary succession occurs when disturbed land grows back.

Land biome with a layer of permafrost

Taiga

Temperate deciduous forest biome

Temperate deciduous forests grow in areas where winter and summer climates have more variation than temperate rain forests. Temperate deciduous forests are the most common forest ecosystems in the U.S. they contain mostly deciduous trees which lose their leaves in the fall. winter temps are often below freezing snow is common. summers are hot and humid. soil is rich in nutrients and supports a large amount of diverse plant growth.

*How are temperate deciduous rainforests different from temperate rainforests.

Temperate rain forests have mild climates and distinct seasons. And temperate deciduous rainforests grow where winter and summer climates have more variation than temperate rain forests.

Biodiversity of coastal oceans

The coastal ocean is home to m

Biodiversity of Coastal oceans

The coastal ocean is home to mussels, fish, crabs, sea stars, and whales. Intertidal species have adaptations for surviving exposure to air during low tides and to heavy waves during high tides.

Climax community

The final stage of ecological succession in a land ecosystem is a climax community, a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes. Climax communities differ depending on the type of biome they are in. In a tropical forest biome a climax community would be a mature tropical forest. Climax communities are usually stable over hundreds of years. As plants die new plants of the same species grow in their places. The community will continue to contain the same kinds of plants as long as the climate remains the same.

Pioneer species

The first species that colonize new or undisturbed land are pioneer species.

Human impact on Wetlands

The human impact on Wetlands is people drain the wetlands to build homes, roads, and places to raise crops. Today many wetlands are preserved and drained wetlands are being restored.

Human impact on coastal oceans

The human impact on coastal oceans include oil spills and other pollution that harm coastal organisms.

Human impact on coral reefs

The human impact on coral reefs include Pollution, overfishing, and harvesting of coral threaten coral reefs.

Intertidal Zone

The intertidal zone is the ocean shore between the lowest tide and the highest tide. Sunlight reaches the bottom of shallow coastal ecosystems. Nutrients washed in from rivers and streams contribute to high biodiversity.

Open oceans

The open ocean extends from the edge of the continental shelves to the deepest part of the ocean. The amount of light in the water depends on the depth. Photosynthesis can only take place in the uppermost or sunlit zone. Very little sun reaches the twilight zone. None reaches the deepest part known as the dark zone.

why are grasslands called bread baskets

They are called breadbaskets because most of the important cereal crops grow well in those areas. For example, wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, and other crops. biodiversity: trees grow along moist river banks and streams wild flowers bloom in the wet season. In North America large herbivores graze in the grasslands. Insects, birds, rabbits, prairie dogs, and snakes find shelter in the grasses. Predators include hawks, ferrets, coyotes, and wolves.

A cold, treeless biome is called a

Tundra

*Why can tundra soil not support the growth of trees.

Tundra soil cannot support the growth of trees because a layer of permafrost prevents deep root growth and because the growing season is only 50 to 60 days long.

What biome has many varieties of nesting birds?

Wetlands

wetlands

Wetlands are the aquatic ecosystems that have a thin layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the time. Wetlands contain saltwater, freshwater, or both. They are among Earth's most fertile ecosystems. Fresh water ecosystems form at the edges of lakes and ponds and in low areas on land. Saltwater wetlands form along ocean coasts. Nutrient levels and biodiversity are high. Wetlands trap sediment and purify water. Plants and microscopic organisms filter out pollution and waste materials.

Biodiversity in Freshwater streams and rivers

Willows, cottonwoods, and other water loving plants grow along streams and on riverbanks. Species adapted to fast moving water include trout, salmon, crayfish, and many insects. Species adapted to slow moving water include snails and cat fish.

tundra biome

a tundra biome is cold, dry, and treeless. Most tundras are south of the north pole. But they also exist in mountainous areas at high altitudes. Winters are long, dark and freezing. Summers are short and cool. The growing season is only 50 to 60 days long.

what is not a fresh water ecosystem

an ocean

human impacts on tundras

drilling for oil and gas can interrupt migration patterns.

Which ecosystem contains both salt water and fresh water?

estuaries

Which ecosystem has flowing water

estuary

Biodiversity in a tropical rainforest

few plants live on the forest floor vines climb tree trunks mosses, ferns, and orchids, live on branches in the canopy. insects are the largest group of tropical animals. example, butterflies, ants, termites, beetles and bees. Large animals include toucans, parrots, snakes, frogs, monkeys, jaguars, fruit bats, and ocelots.

During aquatic succession freshwater ponds..

fill with soil

human impact on temperate deciduous forest

humans clear temperate deciduous forests for farms and cities. Today much of the clearing has stopped and some forests have regrown.

Human impact on temperate rain forests

logging has destroyed the habitat for numerous forest species. Rich soil enables harvested forest to recover. Tree farms have helped provide lumber without destroying habitats.

human impact on tropical rain forests

more that 50% of earths rain forests have been cleared for lumber, farms, and ranches poor soil does not allow rapid growth of new trees. organizations are encouraging people to use less rain forest wood.

biodiversity in Temperate deciduous forests.

most plants such as maples, oaks, and birches stop growing in the winter and begin growing again in the spring. Animals include snakes, birds, ants, butterflies, and foxes. Some animals hibernate during the winter such as bats and chipmunks. many birds and some butterflies like the Monarch migrate to warmer climates for the winter.

temperate regions

regions located between the tropics and polar circles they are moist ecosystems located in coastal areas.

salinity

salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in water. Water in salt water ecosystems has high salinity compared to water in freshwater ecosystems, which contains little salt.

Streams

streams form from underground water sources such as springs or runoff from rain & melting snow. Stream water is often clear. Soil particles are quickly washed downstream. O2 levels in streams are high because air mixes into the water as it splashes over rocks. Rivers form when streams flow together. Soil from nearby land that washes into a river introduces nutrients such as Nitrogen into the river. Slow-moving river water has higher levels of nutrients and lower levels of dissolved O2 than fast-moving water.

Area between the tropics and the polar circles

temperate regions

temperate rainforest biomes

temperate regions have mild climates and distinct seasons. Several biomes are in temperate regions including rain forests. They are mostly in coastal areas. They are not as warm as tropical rainforests. winters are mild and rainy summers are cool and foggy soil is rich and moist.

human impact on grassland

the human impact on grassland is we plow large areas to raise crops, which reduces habitat for wild species. Because of hunting like bison are now uncommon among grasslands.