Chapter 22 Lymphatic System and Immunity Anatomy 2
After the first exposure to an antigen, it takes _______ or more before the cytotoxic T cell population reaches an effective level at the site of injury or infection.
2 days
Blood typing utilizes agglutination reactions using anti-A and anti-B. What class of antibody are anti-A and anti-B?
IgM
____________ also known as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), are membrane glycoproteins that identify the cell as "self" rather than foreign.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
What does the acronym MALT stand for, and where is MALT located in the body?
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, found in digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems
________ cells perform immune surveillance of peripheral tissues looking for abnormal cells such as virus infected cells and cancer cells.
NK
What is an abscess?
accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space
What form of adaptive immunity is induced by vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19?
artificially acquired active immunity
Rheumatoid arthritis and Type I diabetes are examples of ___________ disorders.
autoimmune
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system
_________ T cells provide cell-mediated immunity, which defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells. __________ provide antibody-mediated immunity, which defends against antigens and pathogens in body fluids.
cytotoxic T cells, B cells
fever
elevation of body temp that speeds up tissue metabolism and activity of defenses
What are tissue typing tests trying to determine?
is assessing human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
Lymphocyte formation is called _____________.
lymphocytopoiesis
List two types of phagocytes associated with immune function.
macrophages and microphages
Studies suggest that a woman who produced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 while pregnant or from a previous exposure can transfer a certain type of antibody across the placenta to protect her unborn child. What type of adaptive immunity is this?
naturally acquired passive immunity
The tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been injured or destroyed is called _________.
necrosis
When a cytotoxic T cell encounters its target antigen bound to class I MHC proteins, it immediately destroys the target cell. What are three ways that abnormal cells are destroyed by T cytotoxic cells?
release perforins to destroy target cell's plasma membrane, -release cytokines and activate genes in the target cell's nucleus telling that cell to undergo apoptosis, -secrete a poisonous lymphotoxin to kill the target cell
List four ways that lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries.
- are closed at one end rather than forming continuous tubes -have a larger luminal diameters -have thinner walls -typically have a flattened for irregular outline in sectional view
List three functions of the spleen.
- removing abnormal blood cells and other blood components by phagocytosis - storing iron recycled from red blood cells -initiating immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to antigens in circulating blood
List three results of neutrophil activation and state their importance
- they stick to the side of the vessel and move into the tissue by emigration, -their metabolic rate goes up dramatically and while respiratory burst continues they generate reactive compounds that can destroy engulfed pathogens, - they secrete cytokins that attract other neutrophils and macrophages to the area
List four main types of T cells and state their functions.
-cyototoxic T cells: directly involved in cellular attack; -helper T cells: sitmulate responses of t cells and B cells; -regulatory t cells: subset of t cells that moderate the immune response; -memory t cells: respond to antigens they have already encountered by cloning of more lymphocytes to ward off invader
Class ________ MHC proteins are in the plasma membranes of all nucleated cells.
1
Ultimately, T cell activation by class ___ MHC destroys that abnormal body cell.
1
Antigen presentation by class ____ MHC proteins is triggered by an APC engulfing a microbe, breaking it down into fragments, and displaying the antigens on the surface associated with the MHC molecule.
2
Class ____ MHC proteins are present only in the plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes
2
The first step in adaptive immunity is ____________ done by antigen presenting cells (APCs).
Antigen presentation
Patients who have COVID-19 can be infused with laboratory-produced antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (Called Regen-CoV produced by the company Regeneron). What type of adaptive immunity is this?
Artificially acquired passive immunity
What does the secondary response produce IgG quicker than in the primary response? (NOTE: This is why many vaccines are given in two doses.)
Because memory B cells respond right away and can divide and differentiate into plasma cells that can secrete the antibodies in massive quantities
What occurs when there is a second exposure to an allergen?
Bond anitbodies stimules these cells to release histamine heparin several cytokine prostaglandins and other chemicals into surrounding tissue which results in a sudden massive inflammation of the affected tissues
HIV specifically infect ________ T cells.
CD4 T cells
What is a pathogen?
Disease causing organism that are responsible for many diseases
Which antibody is found in body secretion such as tears and saliva and can have a structure of two connected antibodies with a secretory molecule?
IgA
Which antibody is important in allergic responses?
IgE
The first encounter with an antigen sensitizes the immune system. What class of antibodies are produced and what cells do they bind to?
IgE are produced and they bind to basophils and mast cells
Which antibody type is most prevalent in the body and is the only antibody class that can cross the placenta?
IgG
Which antibody has five antibody molecules connected to form a starburst shape?
IgM
Which antibody is the first to be secreted the first time an antigen is encountered?
IgM
During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher?
IgM, IgG
Worldwide, what is the most common way that individuals contract HIV? What is the second most common way?
Intimate contact with body fluids of infected individuals (sex), transmission of blood
Why is innate immunity considered nonspecific?
It does not distinguish one potential threat from another
Complement activation using any of the three pathways produces three results. What are they?
Killing of pathogen, enhanced phagocytosis, inflammation
Sweat gland secretions on the epidermal surface contain strong enzymes called ________ and molecules called ___________.
Lysozymes and antibodies
What lymphocytes are involved in innate immunity? What lymphocytes are involved in adaptive immunity?
NK cells
List several ways that antigen-antibody complexes can cause the elimination of the antigen.
Neutralization, precipitation/agglutination, activation of the complement system, attraction of phagocytes, opsonization, stimulation of inflammation, prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion
Name two kinds of microphages.
Neutrophils and eosinophils
______ blood is the universal donor (all blood types can receive type O); _________ is the universal recipient (type AB can receive all blood types).
O, AB
After an NK cell adheres to an abnormal cell, its Golgi apparatus quickly produces secretory vesicles filled with _______, that are exocytosis and used to lyse the abnormal cell.
Perforin
Lists three examples of MALT. Where are Peyer's patches located?
Peyer's patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules), appendix and the tonsils
How are lymph nodes like early warning systems?
Since are responsible for catching pathogens they can become swollen when something is wrong
The thymus is the site of _____ cell development and maturation.
T cells
List three classes of lymphocytes that circulate in blood
T cells, B cells and NK cells
A type of immunity called _________ immunity develops after the body is exposed to an antigen and elicits an immune response.
active
During times of chronic stress, what type of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex that can inhibit the immune system?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
__________ lymphatic vessels bring lymph to the lymph node and _________ lymphatic vessels carry lymph away from the lymph node.
afferent, efferent
Antigens that set off allergic reactions are often called _________.
allergens
The __________ pathway activates the complement system when several complement proteins interact in the plasma.
alternative
A severe immune response caused by circulating antigens that affect mast cells throughout the body can result in extensive peripheral vasodilation, producing a drop in blood pressure that can lead to circulatory collapse. What is this response called?
anaphylactic shock
When a circulating antigen affects mast cells throughout the body, it is called ___________.
anaphylaxis
If an MHC protein contains an antigen that a T cell is programmed to detect, binding occurs. This process is called _________.
antigen recognition
Antigen presentation occurs when a(n) __________ combination that can activate T cells appears in a plasma membrane.
antigen-MHC
Specific chemical targets that stimulate the immune response are called __________.
antigens
___________, such as Benadryl are used to combat localized allergic reactions.
antihistamines
The process of genetically programmed cell death is called __________.
apoptosis
_________ disorders occur when activated B cells make antibodies against body cells and tissues
autoimmune
List three tests that are performed to determine if there is a successful match between organ donor and recipient?
blood typing, tissue typing and cross matching
interferons
chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infections
Cells that are attracted to or repelled by chemicals in the surrounding fluids are moving by a process called ___________
chemotaxis
The _________ pathway activates the complement system by binding complement protein C1 to two nearby antibodies already attached to its specific antigen, such as a bacterial cell wall.
classical
When activated, a lymphocyte begins to divide, producing more lymphocytes with the same specificity. These identical cells are called _________, and all are sensitive to the same specific antigen.
clones
___________ proteins interact with one another in chain reactions known as cascades.
complement
To proceed from recognition to activation, a T cell must also bind to the stimulating cell at a second site. This process is called __________ which helps prevent T cells from mistakenly attacking normal (self) tissues.
costimulation
__________ tests for incompatibility between donor and recipient blood to avoid hemolytic reactions.
cross matching
CD8 markers are found on _________ T cells and _________ T cells, which together are often called CD8 T cells. CD8 T cells respond to antigens presented by class ____ MHC proteins.
cyotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells, class 1
Helper T cells produce _________ that coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses and stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunities.
cytokines
Antigen-presenting cells include all the phagocytes of the monocyte-macrophage group discussed in other chapters, but they also include ___________ cells of the skin (also known as Langerhans cells) that are APCs that are not phagocytic.
dendritic
Which cells located in the subcapsular space of a lymph node initiate the immune response?
dendritic cells
immune surveillance
destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues
Free macrophages and microphages move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells using a process known as ____________.
emigration
Phagocytes
engulf pathogens and cell debris
Antibodies bind to specific portions of an antigen's exposed surface. These regions called antigenic determinant sites, or _________.
epitopes
Microglia and Kupffer cells are examples of ______________.
fixed macrophages
A _______ doesn't cause B cell activation and antibody production unless it is bound to a carrier molecule.
haptens or partial antigens
A Y-shaped antibody molecule consists of two pairs of polypeptide chains: one pair of ______ chains and one pair of _______ chains.
heavy, light
A sensitized B cell does not undergo activation unless it receives the "OK" from a ______ cell. The required "OK" needed for activation helps prevent inappropriate activation, the same way that costimulation acts as a safety mechanism in cell-mediated immunity.
helper t cell
CD4 markers are found on _______ T cells, often called CD4 T cells. CD4 T cells respond to antigens presented by class ____ MHC proteins.
helper, class 2
What specific chemical is released by mast cells and basophils that increases the degree of local inflammation?
histamine
The ability to resist infection and disease is called _________.
immunity
Are first line defenses innate or adaptive?
innate
_________ defenses deny pathogens access to the body or destroy them without distinguishing among specific types.
innate
Small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, and by tissue cells infected with viruses are called __________
interferons
Physical barriers
keeps hazardous organisms and materials out of the body
The _________ pathway activates the complement system by the binding of the protein mannose-binding lectin to carbohydrates on pathogen surfaces, such as bacterial cell walls.
lectin
What are the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?
local redness, swelling, heat and pain
inflammation
localized tissue level response that tends to limit the spread of an injury or infection
What is the compositional difference between lymph and plasma?
lymph is a fluid that resembles plasma but contains a much lower concentration of suspended proteins
Which lymphoid tissue acts like a water-filter by purifying lymph before it reaches the veins.
lymph nodes
A large amounts of lymph accumulation due to the obstruction of lymphatic vessels results in ______________.
lymphedema
Once complement has been activated, cells can be lysed by the formation of the ____________ (MAC) in the membrane that destroys the integrity of the target cell.
membrane attack complex (MAC)
Adaptive immunity exhibits __________ by not eliciting an immune response to self-antigens.
memory
Certain T cells called _________ T cells enable your immune system to "remember" an antigen it has previously encountered, and launches a faster, stronger, and longer-lasting counterattack if such an antigen appears again.
memory
If the same antigen appears a second time, ______ TC cells immediately differentiate into cytotoxic T cells (TC).
memory
Upon activation, helper T(TH) undergo a series of divisions that produce both active helper T cells and _________ TH cells.
memory
What is the most likely benefit of fever?
metabolic rate increases 10% every 1C rise in temp
What form of adaptive immunity is induced by contracting COVID-19?
naturally acquired active immunity
Enhanced phagocytosis resulting from complement activation is called ___________.
opsonization
You look at your child's throat and notice that their tonsils are inflamed and swollen. Which tonsils are you observing and what is the medical term for inflamed tonsils?
palatine tonsils
Most antigens are usually _________, but some lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids are also antigens.
pathogens
Antigen presentation by class I MHC proteins is triggered by viral or bacterial infection of a _______.
peptide
Once damage to a tissue occurs, localized chemical or physical changes ensue in the interstitial fluid that activates mast cells. Mast cell activation results in inflammation and __________ attraction, especially ____________.
phagocyte, neutrophils
When stimulated, B cells differentiate into _______ cells that secrete soluble proteins called ________.
plasma, antibodies
The initial immune response to an antigen is called the ________ response. When the antigen appears again, it triggers a more extensive and prolonged _______ response.
primary, secondary
List three ways that promote immunodeficiency diseases.
problems with embryonic development of lymphoid organs and tissues, -an infection with a virus that depresses immune function, -treatment or exposure to immunosuppressive agents (radiation/drugs)
A viscous fluid mixture composed of debris, fluid, dead and dying cells, and necrotic tissue components that accumulate at the injury site is known as ______.
pus
Fever-inducing agents called _________ can reset the body's temperature-regulating center (thermostat) and raise body temperature.
pyrogens
Name the two primary lymph tissues/organs
red bone marrow and thymus
B cells and NK cells develop and mature in the __________ and T cells develop and mature in the ___________.
red bone marrow, thymus
In the spleen, ________ contains large quantities of red blood cells, and _______ resembles lymphoid nodules and has a high concentration of lymphocytes and dendritic cells.
red pulp, white pulp
__________ T cells moderate the responses of other T cells and of B cells by secreting inhibitory cytokines called suppression factors.
regulatory
name two physical barriers
skin or mucous membrane
Adaptive immunity is __________ since it results from the activation of appropriate lymphocytes and the production of antibodies with targeted effects.
specific
complement
system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens,
What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction?
they have valves
The thymus produces several hormones collectively called __________ that are important to the development and maintenance of T cells for normal immunological defenses.
thymosine
Name four secondary lymphoid tissues/organs.
tonsils, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue), lymph nodes, and spleen
What medical treatment is used to combat anaphylactic shock?
treated with injections of antihistamines, corticosteroids and epinephrine
Type _____ hypersensitivities, also called immediate hypersensitivities, occur rapid and especially severe response to an antigen.
type 1
Lymphatic capillaries have overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way __________. What is the importance of this when referring to pathogens?
valves; it permits fluids and solutes to enter along with viruses and bacteria but doesn't allow them to return to the intercellular spaces
The specificity of an antibody molecule depends on the amino acid sequence of the _________ segments of the light and heavy chains. The free tips of the two segments form the antigen-binding sites of the antibody molecule
variable
Adaptive immunity is said to be __________ which means that our immune system has millions of lymphocyte populations each responding to a different antigen.
versatile
A rise in the level of interferon in the body suggests what kind of infection.
viral infection
Free macrophages are also called ___________ macrophages.
wandering
