Chapter 22 Review

Areas outside of Europe were drawn into the Seven Years' War because

their economies were connected to the economies' of the European combatants.

Wealthy Europeans realized that trading directly for spices, without the involvement of Muslim and Italian middlemen would

make larger quantities available for less money and provide considerable profits

What was the Dutch attitude toward religious conversion?

They were basically indifferent.

Since any number of accidents could befall a ship during a trade run, many merchants invested in _____ companies, which limited the risk assumed by individual investors

joint-stock

Which of the following statements best describes the trading conducted by European merchants with Asia in the late sixteenth century?

They transported European goods to Asia and Asian goods to Europe and between Asian ports.

Which continents did Portuguese explorers reach during Henry the Navigator's lifetime (1394-1460)?

Asia and Africa

The Seven Years' War was related to a North American conflict between the British and French known as the

French and Indian war

Captain James Cook died in a fight with the indigenous inhabitants of

Hawaii

As Russian explorers made their way across Siberia, which of the following impeded their progress?

Dense forests

Vasco de Gama's voyages were influential in establishing

India as a major center of trade

The primary difference between explorations of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and explorations of the Indian Ocean was that:

a body of knowledge already existed regarding the Indian Ocean

Dutch trading posts in Asia included posts in

Java

From where in the Americas did Spanish ships depart for either eastward- or westward-bound voyages?

Mexico

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict because it involved not only parts of the Eurasian continent but also the Caribbean, part of the West African coast, and:

North America

The exploitation of fur-bearing animals from the regions of ______ _______ and northern Asia resulted in the extinction or near extinction of some species.

North America

Captain James Cook is most famous for his explorations in the

Pacific Ocean

Between 1565 and 1815, Spanish galleons transported large cargoes between Acapulco and the

Philippines

How did the Russian kingdom expand to become one of the largest land empires in the early modern period?

The Russians headed to Siberia, where they encountered and conquered nomadic peoples.

Four regional crops for which mass markets developed in the eighteenth century were sugar, coffee, _____, and _____.

Tobacco and tea

The Portuguese set up fortified outposts in or near key cities in order to extract

duties from all merchant ships passing through.

Which of the following statements best describes the Dutch traders in southeast Asia?

they used private fleets to intimidate growers into selling their spices only to their companies.

Why did most Europeans want to establish Christianity in the places they explored, even if they did not want to colonize them?

they would have an additional bond with their trading partners

Trading-post empires were built by European interests

to cut out the local merchants who acted as middlemen

What were the Portuguese primarily seeking to do when they began to explore the Atlantic Ocean?

to find natural resources and farmland

Prince Henry of Portugal's capture of a port in Morocco was a jumping-off point for further exploration of the west coast of Africa, where Portuguese merchants established fortified:

trading posts

The population of the native Yakut people of Russia sharply declined due to:

Fighting with the Russians Epidemic diseases

The Columbian exchange was unprecedented in that it:

Introduced exotic flora and fauna to Europe. Allowed pathogens to infect previously isolated populations. Involved biological regions that had been virtually isolated from each other.

The Reconquista in 1492 was the Christian reconquest of Spanish lands held by

Muslims

Why did Portugal send out long-distance maritime explorers?

Portugal was weak compared to other European powers.

As the first Europeans to establish fortified trading posts, the ____ set the militaristic tenor of later European incursions.

Portuguese

Because Portugal did not want to risk a Pacific expedition, Ferdinand Magellan pursued his goal of finding a western route to Asia under the sponsorship of

Spain

In addition to England and the Netherlands, which country began to take over the Indian and Pacific Ocean trade from the Portuguese?

Spain

The most important motivations for European maritime exploration included which of the following?

Spreading Christianity Finding new lands for crop cultivation Establishing new trade routes to Asia

An early example of biological exchange was the spread of plants and food crops throughout the eastern hemisphere from 700 to 100 c.e. What helped cause this diffusion?

The spread of Islam

Why was the volta do mar, a strategy developed by Portuguese mariners in the fifteenth century, important to maritime travel?

The volta do mar and its variants enabled mariners to travel safely and reliably to coastlines throughout the world.

Why did the European trading powers not try to colonize lands in Asia when they first arrived?

They already existed powerful states that made colonization impossible.

Why did the Portuguese doubt Christopher Columbus when he proposed sailing west to reach the spice markets?

They already knew of a route to the spice islands.

How did English and Dutch ships compare to those of the Portuguese?

They were cheaper and more powerful.

The Seven Years' War is also known as "the great war for

empire

Commander d'Alboquerque's goal in controlling ships' movements was to

ensure Portugal's complete domination of Indian Ocean trade.

Despite the loss of 4 of its 5 ships and most of its men, Magellan's Pacific expedition benefited his sponsor by

establishing a route between the Philippines and Mexico based off Magellan's travels.

Desirous of Asian luxury goods and aware if the loss of formerly Christian lands to the expansion of Islam, Europeans took to the oceans in hope of

establishing direct access to Asian markets and extending the boundaries of Christianity.

After Europeans used heavily armed ships to open up the Indian Ocean for trade, they

eventually traded peacefully with local merchants

Russian leaders wanted to protect their newly established trade connections, which led them to

extend their military conquest to the Ural mountains

The expanding British control of major trade areas

fueled Britain's empire building

What was Columbus's most important contribution to world history?

he connected the western and eastern hemispheres

Because they had no inherited or acquired _____ to diseases from the eastern hemisphere, indigenous peoples of the western hemisphere often became infected by these new diseases.

immunity

Many of the food crops that were part of the Columbian exchange

improved the nutritional value of diets around the world

Which of the following statements best describes why smallpox was so devastating?

it was extremely contagious.

Before the eighteenth century, European mariners were able to learn about the Earth's geography because they could accurately measure

latitude and direction

All of the following were domestic animals brought to the Americas from Europe via the Columbian exchange except

llamas

Although the stern rudder and combined square and lateen sails helped make European ships capable of long ocean voyages, ships also relied on reliable _____ instruments and knowledge of winds and tides were also necessary.

navigational

A key factor in determining the success of a country in the Seven Years' War, a war partly about shipping, was the strength of its

navy

The introduction of Eurasian livestock in the Americas as part of the Columbian exchange

provided new food sources and supplied draft animals

A key factor in Spain's successful conquest of the Aztecs was that smallpox had preceded them

reducing the Aztecs' population by almost 90% and leaving their state in turmoil

In the mid-sixteenth century Russia, explorers often traveled by way of geographical features such as the Volga, which is a notable

river

Assuming that the indigenous people he dealt with in the Bahamas were culturally inferior and had no religion, Columbus believed that they would make good ____ and readily adopt ______.

servants; Christianity

What was the key commodity in Spain's lucrative trade with China?

silver, which was the basis of the Chinese currency

In the Americas, European manufactured goods were exchanged for agricultural products such as _____ and ______, which were in great demand in Europe.

sugar, tobacco

Which of the following examples of biological exchange most dramatically demonstrates the impact of an unintentional exchange?

the introduction of disease to new continents

What finally brought Siberia fully under Russian control?

the migration of 420,000 Russians, who outnumbered the native population

Who did Columbus think was capturing the natives he met in the Bahamas?

the natives of nearby lands

What were early European explorers' experiences of the Pacific like?

the voyages were terribly difficult and deadly

With access to the Volga River and Caspian Sea, the Russians had the opportunity to increase their wealth substantially by

trading with their neighbors to the south

What maritime innovation did Vasco de Gama pioneer?

traveling in well-armed merchant ships

Because the indigenous populations of the Americas, unlike European populations, had never been exposed to smallpox, native American adults first exposed to the disease

were more likely to die

With limited resources and manpower, the Portuguese did not intend to conquer southeast Asian countries but instead

were only interested in controlling trade

A trading company was free to act as a government-approved entity:

with minimal political interference as it focused on the best trade deals.

All of the following were native American crops transported to Europe via the Columbian exchange except

yams