Chapter 23 A&P

how does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure? ~BP will remain unchanged ~BP will decrease ~BP will increase

BP will increase

name the plasma protein that is converted by renin to angiotensin I......

angiotensinogen

plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ________

decreased

an increased GFR results in a(n) _________ urine volume and ______blood volume ~decreased; decreased ~increased; decreased ~decreased; increased ~increased; increased

increased; decreased

the accumulation of reabsorbed fluid on the basal side of the epithelial cells creates a high tissue fluid pressure that drives water _______ the peritubular capillaries

into

what is the action of the parathyroid hormone on the kidneys? ~it decreases phosphate reabsorption and increases calcium reabsorption ~it decreases phosphate and calcium reabsoption ~it decreased calcium reabsorption and increases phosphate reabsorption ~it increases phosphate and calcium reabsorption

it decreases phosphate reaborption and increases calcium reaborption

the enzyme _______ converts angiotensinogen to angitensin I

renin

the renal pyramids of the medulla receive their blood supply from which blood vessel network? ~cortical radiate arteries ~vasa recta ~afferent arterioles ~peritubular capillaries

vasa recta

match each component of the juxtaglomerular apperatus with its proposed role in renal autoregulation 1. juxtaglomerular cells a) dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin 2. mesangial cells b) dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries 3. macula densa c) monitor tubular fluid

1. juxtaglomerular cells a) dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin 2. mesangial cells b) dilate/constrict glomerular capillaries 3. macula densa c) monitor tubular fluid

match each component juxtaglomerular apparatus with its description: 1.mesangial cells a) smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole 2.macula densa cells b) cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries 3.juxtaglomerular cells c) epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop

1.mesangial cells- b) cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries 2.macula densa cells c) epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop 3. juxtaglomerular cells d) smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole

the renal fraction is approximately what percent of the cardiac output? ~5 ~1 ~21 ~83

21

angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex? ~aldosterone ~cortisol ~epinephrine ~adrenocorticotropic hormone

aldosterone

what is azotemia? ~an increased level of blood acid ~an increased level of blood urea nitrogen ~an increased level of blood bicarbonate ~an increased level of blood sodium

an increased level of blood urea nitrogen

name the hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water thus increasing its reabsorption?

antidiuretic hormone

antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called ________

aquaporins

water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called _______

aquaporins

the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal _______

autoregulation

how do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? ~by regulating water intake ~by regulating water output ~by regulating both water intake and output

by regulating water output

the ________ duct receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla

collecting

the amount of water reabsorption can be altered, allowing the production of either a concentrated or dilute urine. this is the role of the ________ _______ of the renal tubules

collecting duct

the region of the kidney located outside of the renal medulla is called the renal _______

cortex

the kidney parenchyma is composed of two regions: an outer _______ and an inner _________

cortex; medulla

what activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism? ~decreased blood pressure ~increased body temperature ~increased blood pressure ~decreased body temperature

decreased blood pressure

which of the following is an effect of atrial natriuretic peptide? ~decreased urine output ~decreased GFR ~decreased sodium reabsorption ~increased potassium secretion

decreased sodium reabsorption

antidiuretic hormone is secreted in response to _______ ~hyperglycemia ~increased blood pressure ~dehydration ~hyponatremia

dehydration

which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct? ~distal convoluted tubule ~vasa recta ~proximal convoluted tubule ~juxtaglomerular apparatus

distal convoluted tubule

a chemical that increases urine volume is called a _______

diuretic

the ______ arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries

efferent

the kidneys play a major role in the regulation of.....

electrolytes and acid-base balance

the kidneys produce _________, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells

erythropoietin

the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called ________

excretion

glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium-glucose transporter and then removed from the basolateral surface of the cell and into the blood by which process? ~bulk transport ~active transport ~facilitated diffusion ~simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

(true/false) the left kidney is slightly lower than the right because of the space occupied by the liver just above it

false; its the right kidney that's slightly lower

name the type of capillary that makes up the glomerulus ~fenestrated capillary ~sinusoid ~continuous capillary

fenestrated capillary

what is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? ~urine ~tubular fluid ~filtrate ~plasma

filtrate

the process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular _______

filtration

in the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where? ~from the blood into the tubular fluid ~from the collecting ducts into the minor calyces ~from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space ~from the tubular fluid into the blood

from the tubular fluid into the blood

within the renal corpuscle, the colloid pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what? ~peritubular capillaries ~renal capsule ~glomerular capillaries ~renal tubule

glomerular capillaries

what is the amount of filtration formed per minute by the two kidneys called? ~minute urine volume ~renal clearance ~glomerular filtration rate

glomerular filtration rate

name the capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole __________

glomerulus

if the glomerular filtration rate is too ________, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur

high

the osmolarity of the ECF deep in the renal medulla is ________ than that of the ECF of the renal cortex ~higher ~lower

higher

on the indented side of each kidney is an area called the _________. it is the location where renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney ~capsule ~perirenal fat ~fascia ~hilium

hilium

within the renal corpuscle, blood ________ pressure is the pressure forcing fluid into the glomerular capsular space

hydrostatic

the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the _______ apperatus

juxtaglomerular

which nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla?

juxtamedullary

the organs that functions to remove metabloic waste material by filtering the blood plasma are the _________

kidneys

the renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called the renal __________

medulla

the papilla of each renal pyramid is nestled into a cuplike structure called a ______ which collects urine ~minor calyx ~renal column ~ureter ~renal sinus

minor calyx

list in order the structures through which a urine will flow after it drains from a renal papilla: ureter minor calyx renal pelvis major calyx

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule contain abundant ________ because of the importance of active transport to reabsoption ~golgi complex ~water channels ~mitochondria ~glycogen

mitochondria

contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. this is the basis for the _______ mechanism of renal autoregulation

myogenic

the functional unit of the kidney is a _______

nephron

what do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form? ~nephron ~renal lobe ~glomerulus ~nephron loop

nephron

the ______ _______ of the nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier

nephron loop

what is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called? ~colloid osmotic pressure ~blood hydrostatic pressure ~net filtration pressure

net filtration pressure

the blunt tips of a renal pyramids from which urine is collected is a renal _______

pailla

constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the _______ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water

peritubular

the ________ capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

peritubular

in glomerular filtration, ________ is filtered to form ____________

plasma, filtrate

fluid intake, diabetes, and some medications can increase urine output, a condition called diuresis or _________

polyuria

which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct? ~renal corpuscle ~juxtaglomerular apperatus ~renal tubule ~vasa recta

renal tubule

when there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following? ~epinephrine ~aldosterone ~angiotensin ~renin

renin

clearing aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs from the blood stream via the kidneys are examples of tubular _______

secretion

the wall of the proximal convoluted tubule is comprised of __________ ________ epithelium

simple cuboidal

what is the normal pH of urine? ~slightly acidic ~neutral ~slightly basic

slightly acidic

the osmotic and electrical gradients that drive the reabsorption of water and solutes is created by reabsorption of the solute ______

sodium

aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte _________ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte ________

sodium; potassium

during reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by which process?

solvent drag

the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water is called its _______ ________

specific gravity

the ______ nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR

sympathetic

the motor fibers of the renal plexus are branches of which nervous system?

sympathetic

what is the source of the salts that contribute to the high osmolarity of the medullary ECF? ~the active transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- from the descending limb of nephron loop ~the active transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- from ascending limb of nephron loop ~the active trasnport of Na+, K+ and Cl- from the distal convoluted tubule

the active transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- from ascending limb of nephron loop

which of the segments of the nephron loop actively transport salts? ~thin and thick ~thin ~thick

thick

when the transporters within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed, which of the following has been reached? ~transport maximum ~obligatory absorption ~transport limit ~tubular maximum

transport maximum

(true/false) glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins

true

the color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called _________, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin

urochrome

the ______ _______ within the medulla acts as a countercurrent exchanger

vasa recta

which hormone regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct? ~epinephrine ~aldosterone ~antidiuretic hormone ~angiotensin converting enzyme ~artial natriuretic peptide

~aldosterone ~antidiuretic hormone ~artial natriuretic peptide

which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone? ~descending limb of nephron loop ~ascending limb of nephron loop ~proximal convoluted tubule ~collecting duct ~distal convoluted tubule

~ascending limb of nephron loop ~collecting duct ~distal convoluted tubule

the filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? ~venous osmotic ~blood hydrostatic ~colloid osmotic ~lymphatic

~blood hydrostatic ~colloid osmotic

which of the following symptoms are seen with diabetes mellitus? ~azotemia ~dehydration ~polyuria ~glycosuria ~anuria

~dehydration ~polyuria ~glycosuria

list in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass ~fenestrated endothelium ~filtration slits ~basement membrane

~fenestrated endothelium ~basement membrane ~filtration slits

from deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissue that surround the kidney ~fibrous capsule ~renal fascia ~perirenal fat capsule

~fibrous capsule ~perirenal fat capsule ~renal fascia

renal clearance is the net effect of which of the following? ~glomerular filtration ~metabolic deactivation ~tubular reabsorption dietary intake ~tubular secretion

~glomerular filtration ~tubular reabsorption ~tubular sectretion

what are two components of the renal corpuscle? ~glomerulus ~glomerular capsule ~nephron loop ~juxtaglomerular apparatus ~afferent arteriole

~glomerulus ~glomerular capsule

small molecules can pass freely through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. Those molecules that have passed through the filtration membrane include: ~blood cells ~glucose ~water ~electrolytes ~albumin

~glucose ~water ~electrolytes

which of the following result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system? ~increased secretion of cortisol ~increased secretion of aldosterone ~increased release of ADH ~stimulated thirst ~vasodilation of afferent arteriole

~increased secretion of aldosterone ~increased release of ADH ~stimulated thirst

which variables effect the glomerular filtration rate? ~level of hydration ~the amount of sodium in the blood ~permeability of the filtration of the membrane ~the surface area available for filtration

~permeability of the filtration of the membrane ~the surface area available for filtration

starting with the renal artery, place the arteries carrying blood into the renal cortex in order ~renal artery ~segmental artery ~arcuate artery ~interlobar artery ~cortical radiate artery

~renal artery ~segmental artery ~interlobar artery ~arcuate artery ~cortical radiate artery

which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop? ~water ~chloride ~glucose and amino acids ~sodium ions ~potassium ions

~sodium ions ~chloride ~potassium ions

which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion? ~urea ~water ~glucose ~bile acids ~ammonia

~urea ~bile acids ~ammonia

what are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? ~urea ~bicarbonate ~phosphates ~creatinine

~urea ~creatinine

which of the following result from activation of renin-angiotensin system? ~vasoconstriction ~decreased water reabsorption ~decreased glomerular filtration ~increased water retention ~increased blood pressure

~vasoconstriction ~increased blood pressure ~increased water retention