Chapter 23
FERA
(Federal Emergency Relief Administration) - Helped states to provide aid for the unemployed
Herbert Hoover
- Believed volunteerism and hard work would alleviate the depression. - Did not take the US off the gold standard
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
- Federal loans to businesses - spent too little money to cautiously
Women and the New deal
- Gender inequities persisted. - Eleanor Roosevelt "eyes and ears" of FDR, transformed the image of the first lady. - Women were often paid less than men for the same job. - CCC did not allow women to join
Struggles in the West
- Mexican Americans benefitted from the WPA and CCC. - Most Chinese were excluded from new deal programs.
How did new deal influence the arts
- Over 20,000 artists, musicians, and writers were employed.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
- Sought to rectify overproduction of farm goods. - Paid farmers not to grow (benefitted large land owners, not sharecroppers).
What was the new deals long term legacy?
-As a result of the New Deal, Americans came to believe that the federal government has a responsibility to ensure the health of the nation's economy and the welfare of its citizens. - Millions paid taxes into social security. - 1/3 of the population received government assistance. - New deal was criticized by both Right and Left causing a change in voting pattens (Unions, blacks, and many immigrants began to predominantly vote democratic).
New Deal Under Attack
-conservatives argued the New Deal spent too much $ on direct relief & policies to control businesses & socialize the economy -conservative Supreme Court struck down the NIRA as unconstitutional & the AAA- saying agriculture should be regulated by the states
Liberty League
A group of Republican business leaders and conservative Democrats who banded together to fight what they called the "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal.
AFL
A labor union formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers in order to voice the working class (only highly skilled laborers). It fought against labor forces and debated work conditions for skilled workers. Utilized Strikes.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
Welfare state
A social system whereby the state assumes primary responsibility for the economic and social well-being of its citizens.
Both the ____ and _____ were declared unconstitutional.
AAA NRA
Dorothea Lange
American photographer who recorded the Great Depression by taking pictures of the unemployed and rural poor.
PWA (Public Works Administration)
Created jobs on government projects
Hey Nata...
Did you know National Pizza Day is a National Holiday? hehe
Federal writers Project
Employed writers during the great depression to produce guidebooks for tourists, collect oral histories of former slaves, and support emerging novelists.
Bank Holiday
FDR closes all American banks for 4 days until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen
Securities and Exchange Commission
Government agency having primary responsibility for enforcing the Federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry. It protected investors, listened to complaints, issued licenses and penalized fraud.
Indian Reorganization Act
Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs. *Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development. *Reversed the assimilation policy of the Dawes Severalty Act *Attempted to restore the tribal basis of Native American life *Tribal life was to be recognized as "normal"
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
Government legislation that made 750 million dollars that had once been kept in the governments gold reserves now able to be used in the creation of loans. This allowed the banks to reopen and it gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange. It also took the U.S off the gold standard and introduced FDIC. **This act separated investment and commercial banking activities.
Francis Townsend/Townsend Plan
Government provide $200/month to all citizens over the age of 60. -Trickle out to the rest of society; provide recovery ** Helped influence social security
Keynesian economics
Government should spend money in a depression to "prime and pump" and stimulate the economy.
Wagner Act
Guaranteed workers the right to join unions and would not be fired as a result.
John Collier
Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act.
Classic Liberalism
Ideology founded by Adam Smith to keep government out of economy; became U.S. conservatism.
Schechter v. US
In 1935, the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration (NRA) unconstitutional. (p. 505)
1936 election
In this election Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Alfred M. Landon in a reelection landslide.
FHA (Federal Housing Administration)
Insured loans for building and repairing homes
Federal Housing Administration
Insured loans for building and repairing homes
Grapes of Wrath.
John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America
Rural Electrification Administration
Loaned money to extend electricity to rural areas
Works Progress Administration
New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.
Public Works Administration
New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing public buildings.
Civilian Conservation Corps
New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects
Scottsboro Boys
Nine young black men between the ages of 13 to 19 were accused of of raping two white women by the names of Victoria Price and Ruby Bates on a train. 8 were sentenced to death, eventually death sentenced were overturned.
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.
CIO
Organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.
1st New Deal
Policies focussing on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform.
Huey Long
Political leader from Louisiana who criticized the New Deal. "Share the Wealth"
Court Packing Plan
President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 (handpicked judges in favor of his ideals) in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges.
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
Provided affordable electricity for isolated rural areas.
CWA (Civil Works Administration)
Provided public works jobs at $15/week to four million workers in the winter of 1934 working on construction projects such as bridges, roads, etc...
Dust Bowl
Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. Also over-cultivation effected the farmland. As a result "Okies" fled to California.
African Americans under the new deal
Resettlement Administration- helped small farmers buy land. African Americans began to overwhelmingly vote democrat. CCC segregated blacks. Lynching persisted throughout the 1900s Scottsboro Boys- Nine young black men between the ages of 13 to 19 were accused of of raping two white women by the names of Victoria Price and Ruby Bates on a train. 8 were sentenced to death, eventually death sentenced were overturned.
Father Charles Coughlin
Roman Catholic priest who used popular radio sermons to criticize Roosevelt. Against new deal.
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission: - regulates stock market, sought to prevent abuses. - Attacked new deal
STFU
Southern Tenant Farmers Union-went on strike to raise pay for tenant farmers.
Bonus Army
The Bonus Army was a group of 15000 WWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding their $1,000 bonus pay before the 1945 due date. Hoover ordered the army disperse the Bonus Army- popularity decreased significantly because of this.
Why did the natural environment receive so much attention under New Deal programs, and with what result?
The New Deal efforts for environmental conservation were largely economically motivated, with the harsh realization that much of business interests were dependent on the well-being of the natural environment and the people who lived in them. Those who lived in the "dust bowls" of America were the most affected by the terrible environment, and were eagerly advocating for the regulations for environmental protection. As a result, various agencies and policies were enacted with the purpose of environmental conservation, modernization and technologization as well as conservation areas and parks protected by the national government.
What aspects of the New Deal inspired ordinary Americans? What stymied their ambitions?
The Roosevelt administration appointed some women and African Americans to office, gave more political self-control to Native Americans, and gave assistance to many Latino American workers. On the other hand, much of the efforts that helped these minorities and disenfranchised groups were mostly unintentional, and did not go beyond the abolition of the oppressive institutions, with much efforts to also resist these changes from conservatives and right wingers.
How did the Second New Deal differ from the first?
The Second New Deal focused on social justice and the creation of a safety net rather than simple economic recovery, with many plans for unemployment, assistance for the working class and the elderly and the disabled.
What specific new roles did the American government take up as a result of the legislation passed during the first hundred days?
The government resembled the roles previously upheld by Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, being increasingly activist in economic and social activities of the country. Numerous legislations were created to increase protection for American banks and businesses, as well as subsidies for agriculture and manufacturing, as well as employment programs.
Alfred Landon
The governor of Kansas, chosen candidate for the Republicans in the campaign of 1936. A moderate who accepted some New Deal Reforms, but not the Social Security Act. His loss to FDR was mainly because he never appealed to the "forgotten man".
How did critics on the right and left represent different kinds of challenges to Roosevelt and the New Deal?
The right and left responded with entirely different mindsets on Roosevelt's plans. While the conservatives felt that the New Deal legislations gave the government too much power and control over the economy, and saw Roosevelt as a class traitor with socialist tendencies, the left felt the President didn't go nearly far enough with his plans, and many felt compelled to form a third party of the left in resistance to Roosevelt's centrism.
National Association of Manufacturers
This national organization formed in 1895 and dealt with standards and regulations of manufacturing. Used radio and other media to promote their anti- Roosevelt message.
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
This organization provided for a system of Industrial Self-regulation under federal supervision. Industries agreed on prices and production quotas. Promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages.
Roosevelt Recession
This terms refers to the period when FDR cut government spending to balance budget; this led to a recession.
Frances Perkins
U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.
Organized labor
Union membership increased to 23% Congress of industrial Organization (CIO) organized all workers within an industry regardless of skill level.
Mary McLeod Bethune
United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)
2nd New Deal
Was characterized by the goal of economic SECURITY. Linked freedom with this goal. Addressed social justice and safety net.
Housing crisis
With returning veterans starting new families, the US faced a housing shortage after WWII that was addressed by developers who came up with new ways to mass-produce houses. Foreclosure of homes marketed to families with limited income while the private housing market provides only to those who can afford to make a profit for the supplier. - 500,000 families lost their homes - Federal Housing Administration helped regulate interest rates and mortgages.
New Deal Liberalism
a belief in a government, large in size, that is active in regulating the economy and society to achieve what it perceives as fairness. Associated with free markets.
Hoovervilles
a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression of the early 1930s.
Social Security Act
created a tax on workers and employers. That money provided monthly pensions for retired people.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
created employing over 8 million workers with construction jobs on roads, bridges, etc...
Butler vs. US
declared AAA unconstitutional
Federal Art Project
division of the Works Progress Administration that hired unemployed artists to create artworks for public buildings and sponsored art-education programs and exhibitions
"Brains Trust"
group of unofficial advisers that helped draft legislation.
Hoover Dam
huge public works project on the Colorado River that provided jobs, water for irrigation, and power ** Built during Great depression
Home Owners Loan Corporation
loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments.
Hoover Blankets
newspapers used as blankets
National Recovery Act
provided money to states to create jobs chiefly in the construction of schools and other community buildings. Benefited unions
Fireside Chats
radio broadcasts made by FDR to the American people to explain his initiatives.
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)
relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.
AAA did not help sharecroppers because
the checks were given to landowners.
New Deal
the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented, the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt
The Hundred Days
the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days. The legislation that focused on 4 major areas: banks agriculture, businesses, and unemployment.
Grand Coulee Dam
used for hydropower and irrigation - helped irrigate Eastern Washington and gave people jobs
Eleanor Roosevelt
wife of Franklin Roosevelt and a strong advocate of human rights (1884-1962)