Chapter 23: Foreign Policy

NGOs (non-governmental organizations)

"players in world affairs" -missionaries, Doctors Without Borders, amnesty international, international red cross, terrorist groups (ISIL, Hezbollah, Al Qaeda)

Persian Gulf War

(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.

executive agreement

A formal agreement between the U.S. president and the leaders of other nations that does not require Senate approval.

treaty

A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states

Conscription

A military draft

internationalism

A national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity. In the 1890s, the United States became an industrial power and needed world markets for its products as well as sources for raw materials. Many leaders believed that the United States needed to play an active role in the world and even to expand and acquire a colonial empire.

Bush Doctrine

A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad. -Human Rights -Terror Alliance: the U.S will make no difference between the terror and countries that support these terrorists. -Regional Conflicts: increase engagement, U.S. will decide when they get involved. -Deadliest Weapons: W.M.D (weapons of mass destruction: nuclear, biological, and chemical), don't want rogue nations to require those - Strike First: the U.S can attack countries before they can attack us. -Global Economy: Will engage with other countries and help them. -Military: the U.S will have the largest military.

isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations. The United States was a small, indebted nation struggling to build a new government, and its leaders believed that the country should not get involved in the politics and wars of Europe. During the twentieth century, the nation shifted toward internationalism. Internationalists believed that involvement in world affairs was necessary to pursue many national goals such as national security and promoting democracy.

Détente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Collective Security

A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

State Department (Mike Pompeo)

Advises the president and helps plan and then carry out foreign policy. U.S. ambassadors and diplomats in the State Department put into daily practice the foreign policies established by the executive and legislative branches. The Department of State carries out four other important functions: (l) to keep the president informed about international issues, (2) to maintain diplomatic relations with foreign governments, (3) to negotiate treaties with foreign governments, and (4) to protect the interests of Americans who are traveling or conducting business abroad. The State Department is organized into geographic bureaus.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Civilian Control

The constitutional principle that civilians control the military and make the strategic decisions about the use of the military. This principle is considered essential for a stable democracy. It is maintained through constitutional provisions that make the President commander in chief and grant Congress power to raise and support armies, make military law, declare war, and appropriate money for military expenditures.

End of the Cold War

The end of the Cold War changed global politics. A multipolar system emerged with several major powers, including the United States, the European Union, China, India, Japan, and Russia.

Department of Homeland Security (Chad F. Wolf)

US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism oversees 22 agencies: - U.S Citizenship and Immigration Service, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, FEMA, TSA, Secret Service, Coast Guard

World Bank

source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world in order to fight poverty.

Commander in Chief

term for the president as commander of the nation's armed forces

Powers of Congress

-declare war -Raise and organize the armed forces -funding -legislative oversight -committees: Armed Services, Foreign Relations, Homeland Security -can refuse funds for aids to other nations -two-thirds vote of Senate to ratify a treaty.

United Nations

-founded in 1945 -193 member states 4 main purposes: -to keep peace throughout the world -to develop friendly relations among nations - to help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease, and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other's rights and freedoms -To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals

WHO

"World Health Organization" -- a United Nations agency to coordinate international health activities and to help governments improve health services, and humanitarian issues.

NSA

- national security agency - responsible for code breaking and electronic spying

Presidential Powers and responsibilities

-Commander in Chief of the nation's military forces: He can send troops and use nuclear weapons without congressional approval. -Diplomatic powers -President appoints ambassadors that represent the nation. -make treaties -Head of State: represents the nation

Iraqi War

-George W. Bush ordered soldiers to invade Iraq. -Russia and France refused to back a UN Security --Council war resolution. -Saddam Hussein failed to fully cooperate with inspections for weapons of mass destruction. -Many Iraqi soldiers refuse to risk their lives for Saddam Hussein.

Development of U.S. Foreign Policy

-isolationism -neutrality -Monroe Doctrine -Spanish-American War -WW1 -WW2 (look below).

General Assembly (UN)

1 vote per nation

Monroe Doctrine

1823- an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

World War I

1914, America did not get involved. Then Germany sank neutral ships—including U.S. ships—and Congress declared war against Germany in 1917. American troops went overseas to fight in a European war for the first time. Disillusioned by the terrible cost of war, Americans returned to isolationism.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Balkans Crisis

After the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 wars between former Soviet nations led to this humanitarian crisis and charges of ethnic cleansing. The U.S intervened

public opinion

Although the president and Congress have the major responsibility for making foreign policy, their decisions are often influenced by the opinions of the American people.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world. The goal was to avoid war with the Soviet Union but to keep communism from spreading. American leaders hoped that eventually the Soviet Union would collapse from its own internal problems. The policy of containment did lead to military action elsewhere. One approach was to give aid to nations that appeared to be in danger of communist revolution or had been threatened by communist countries.

OAS

Organization of American States, an international governmental organization formed by the states of North and South America formed to promote democracy, economic cooperation, and human rights.

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers. Director- Gina Haspel

agreements

Countries might agree on joint health and welfare programs, trade policies, territorial boundaries, or many other topics. Diplomats must be focused and skillful to conduct successful negotiations—they must have a clear goal and strategy, must listen carefully to what the other side says, and must be able to find ways to compromise. In negotiating, diplomats often use positive and negative incentives—promises about future trade, aid, or other support—to persuade their counterparts. While diplomatic staff conduct many of the negotiations that lead to agreements between countries, national leaders speak directly about the most important issues. The U.S. Secretary of State or the president will represent American interests in direct talks with foreign leaders.

foreign aid

Every year, the U.S. gives billions of dollars of aid to other countries. This aid helps establish friendly relations with other nations and helps them emerge as eventual economic partners. It can also save lives and create conditions for democracy to flourish. The United States gives economic aid to countries that need help feeding, housing, and educating their citizens. This aid often comes with specific requirements for its use—like which programs it may be used for or what the foreign government must do to receive the aid. Sometimes, aid comes in the form of food, medicine, or technical advice.

public diplomacy

Governments also appeal directly to the people of other countries. Every U.S. embassy and consulate has staff that work with media, cultural, and educational leaders in the host country to publicize the domestic and international policies an d programs of the United States. The United States also sponsors educational activities and cultural exchanges to share information about America with people in other countries.

George Washington

Had a strong belief in neutrality

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. The first time supporting another nation in battle.

IMF

International Monetary Fund//a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies - foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. -187 countries

declare war

Legislative

Economic Goals

Maintaining trade with other nations and promoting America's economic interests are basic goals of U.S. foreign policy. American factories and farms depend on people in foreign countries to buy and sell their goods. The United States also works to preserve access to the natural resources that we import from other countries. While the United States supports trade that is free from both export and import restrictions, it does limit trade in some ways to protect its own domestic industries and workers from foreign competition. Some people argue that a policy of supporting free and open trade harms people in poorer parts of the world.

Since 9/11

Major goal of American foreign policy has been stopping international terrorism. President George W. Bush quickly announced that a war on terror would become the focus of his administration and outlined a new foreign policy strategy—preemption. Instead of waiting for an attack, the United States would strike first to prevent nations that support terrorism from developing weapons of mass destruction.

War in Afghanistan

NATO members -goal: remove Ben Laden, Al Qaeda and the Taliban government that supports them. In 2001 the United States and its NATO allies invaded Afghanistan.

NSC (1947-present)

National Security Council, responsible for giving the president information and advice related to national security. This adviser also coordinates some foreign policies among executive branch agencies. advisor: Rober O'Brien -15 members -10 non-permanent, 2-year terms -5 permanent: U.S, Russia, G.B, China, and France (veto power)

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries - A regional security pact where nations protect an area - military alliances of Europe, the U.S., and Canada -protect freedom and democracy -28 countries

Economic Sanctions

Sanctions are measures such as withholding loans, arms, or economic aid to force a foreign government to cease certain activities. During the last century, the United States has employed sanctions more than 90 times. The withdrawal or denial of benefits is another diplomatic strategy. American policy makers sometimes use it to show that they oppose another nation's policies and to pressure the other nation's governments to make changes.

Secretary of State

Supervises all the diplomatic activities of the U.S. government. In the past, most presidents have relied heavily on their secretary of state, who is generally considered the most important cabinet official. Normally, the secretary of state carries on diplomacy at the highest level. The secretary frequently travels to foreign capitals for important negotiations with heads of state and represents the United States at major international conferences.

Secretary of Defense

Supervises the government's military activities. He or she also informs and advises the president on the nation's military forces, weapons, and bases.

Foreign Assistance

The DOD plays an important noncombat role in foreign policy through foreign assistance programs. With troops, ships, and aircraft stationed around the world, the military can project itself rapidly into extreme situations resulting from natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods.

Intelligence

The DOD provides the president and Congress with secret intelligence that can be very influential in shaping their decisions about foreign policy. The National Security Agency (NSA), the most powerful electronic spy organization in the world, is located in the DOD along with the Defense Intelligence Agency and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. In addition, the DOD provides top military leaders with advice on foreign policy. These functions give the secretary of defense a chance to rival the secretary of state for influence with the president, especially when the secretary of defense is personally close to the president.

Passport and Visa

The State Department issues a document called a passport. With a passport, an American citizen can expect to be granted entry into many countries. In some cases, however, to be granted the right to enter another country, it is necessary to obtain another document called a visa—issued by the government of the country that a person would like to enter. If a citizen of Kenya wants to visit the United States, for example, he or she must apply for a visa at an American embassy or consulate in one of the major cities in Kenya. While many foreign visitors are required to obtain visas prior to entering the United States, people from 37 countries can visit the U.S. with only a passport. Those countries include Canada, the U.K., Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and most of western Europe.

Cold War

The United States and the Soviet Union both emerged from World War II as world powers, and American leaders viewed the power and ambitions of the communist Soviet Union as a threat to national security. These events convinced U.S. leaders that they needed to halt communist aggression. The Soviet Union's development of nuclear weapons and large missiles that could reach the United States prompted the U.S. to build more weapons. Both sides promised to respond to the use of nuclear weapons with their own such strikes. This threat deterred outright war but led to large stockpiles of nuclear weapons.

trade agreements

The United States has free trade agreements in effect with 20 countries. Many of our free trade agreements are between the United States and one other government. These are called bilateral agreements. But some, like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement, are multilateral agreements among several parties. When the United States wants to signal its displeasure to a country, it may restrict trade with them.

Concern for Humanity

The United States has often demonstrated its concern for others. Victims of natural disasters or starvation have looked to the United States for help, and the United States has often responded by providing food, medical supplies, and technical assistance for humanitarian reasons. At the same time, this aid serves the strategic interests of the United States by maintaining political stability in the world.

international organizations

The United States participates in dozens of international organizations. These organizations are groups of countries that address a range of global issues, including peace and security, nuclear nonproliferation, human rights, economic development, climate change, global health, and much more. The most familiar is the United Nations, OAS, and more.

Promoting Democracy

The United States, as a longstanding, powerful democratic nation, has often been a democratic model for other countries. Even when the U.S. falls short of its democratic aspirations, the nation still believes that democracy is the best system of government. Most American leaders believe that promoting democracy elsewhere is good for the U.S. and for the people in those countries. They say democracy aligns with our fundamental values and helps to create a more secure and stable global arena and good trade partners. Democracy, they argue, helps people around the world because it protects people's rights, combats international terrorism and crime, and promotes human health. Not all Americans agree. Some believe that the United States should not intervene to promote democracy in other countries because the costs are too great and the outcomes uncertain.

WTO

The World Trade Organization - an international body that enforces agreements that reduce barriers to international trade; successor to the GATT

Security Interests

The biggest goal of American foreign policy is to preserve security. National security means protection of a nation, the land and people from threats (include governments, organized groups, or individual terrorists). This goal is fundamental because no nation can achieve other aims such as improving its education system or providing better health care if it is under attack.

Joint Chiefs of Staff

The commanding officers of the armed services 4advise the president on military policy. Chair: General Mark A. Milley

Foreign Policy

The goals and strategies that guide a nation's relations with other countries and groups in the world. Long term goals often remain constant an they reflect the nation's ideals and self-interest.

Foreign Service

The part of the State Department that supplies diplomats for the United States embassies and consulates around the world. Foreign Service officers help reform democratic institutions, organize free elections, improve education and health care and infrastructure, promote entrepreneurship, advise judicial systems, monitor and respond to human rights abuses, and aid in recovery from natural disasters.

Consulate

They function primarily to promote American business interests in foreign countries and to serve and safeguard American travelers in the countries where consulates are located.

Somalia

Throughout the 1990s, President Clinton sent U.S. forces to several places in attempts to maintain political order and protect humanitarian interests. In 1992 American troops joined a multinational force in Somalia to protect relief organizations during a civil war.

Defense Department (Christopher C. Miller)

To protect national security, the Department of Defense (often called by the acronym DOD) supervises the armed forces of the United States and makes sure these forces are strong enough to defend American interests. The Department of Defense has great influence regarding the use of military force, the implementation of foreign assistance, and the provision of intelligence to the president and members of Congress.

Post-Cold War

U.S. troops were sent to hot spots across the globe, while policy makers called for the United States to stay involved in world politics to protect American trade interests, encourage democracy, and advance human rights.

Use of Force

Using military force, or threatening to use force, has always been an important tool of foreign policy. Using force, including covert operations, can be an effective way to avoid larger wars, ward off an impending attack, or protect human rights in other countries from brutal dictators. Today, American military force includes secret paramilitary operations and drone strikes as well as traditional troop mobilizations, blockades, and armed interventions.

Free and Open Trade

Vital economic interest, maintaining trade with other nations and preserving access to resources and markets.

World War II

When World War II began in 1939, the United States officially remained neutral. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, however, drew the United States into the war. Since World War II, U.S. foreign policy has been based on internationalism.

alliances

When nations felt a common threat to their security, they came together to negotiate mutual defense alliances. Nations that form such alliances usually agree to support one another in case of an attack. The treaties that protect these areas are referred to as regional security pacts. The goal of these treaties is to provide collective security for the United States and its allies. Collective security is a system by which member nations agree to take joint action against a nation that attacks any one of them.

Diplomatic tools

agreements, international organizations (OAS, IMF, WTO, WHO), public diplomacy

Military tools

alliances, NATO, use of force

ambassador

an accredited diplomat sent by a country as its official representative to a foreign country.

World Peace Goals

helps the nation avoid outside conflicts and aids national security. American leaders work for a peaceful international environment because they believe it helps the nation avoid outside conflicts and aids national security. The United States tries to help other nations settle disputes and has also supplied economic aid to at-risk countries, in part to prevent uprisings and revolutions. The United States helped organize the United Nations after World War II to promote world peace. We also work with many other international organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to prevent regional conflicts.

multi-national corporations

large businesses with vast holding in many countries, some are larder than most governments, very influential in policy (Guatemala 1954, Chile 1973)

Sanctions

measures withholding loans, arms or aid to force a foreign government to cease certain activities

advise and consent

power of the senate regarding presidential appointments and treaties

Goals

security interests, economic, world peace, promoting democracy, concern for humanity

Military Spending

the amount of financial resources dedicated by a nation to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes

oversight

the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies

preemption

the federal government's ability to take over a state government function. The right of a federal law or a regulation to preclude enforcement of a state or local law or regulation.

Embassy

the official residence and offices of the ambassador and his or her staff. The primary function of an embassy is to make diplomatic communication between governments easier. Currently, the State Department directs the work of more than 200 American embassies and consulates.

Economic tools

trade agreements, foreign aid, economic sanctions