Chapter 23: Nursing Management: Patients With Gastric and Duodenal Disorders PrepU
A client with morbid obesity and a history of severe sleep apnea and severe diabetes is being considered for bariatric surgery. When reviewing the client's medical record, the nurse would identify that which body mass index (BMI) would meet the criteria for such surgery?
36 kg/m2 Rationale: To meet the criteria for bariatric surgery, the client must have a BMI of at least 35 kg/m2 with obesity-associated comorbidity (e.g., severe sleep apnea, hypertension, cardiomyopathy related to obesity, severe diabetes mellitus, and serious musculoskeletal or neurologic disorders).
An older adult patient with a diagnosis of chronic gastritis has achieved acceptable control of his condition with the use of an H2 receptor antagonist. This patient's symptom control is a result of what therapeutic action of this drug?
A decrease in HCl production by parietal cells Rationale: Histamine-2 receptor antagonists decrease the amount of HCl produced by stomach by blocking action of histamine on histamine receptors of parietal cells in the stomach. They do not directly increase the pH of gastric secretions, and they do not activate a buffer system or occlude parietal cells.
Which of the following appears to be a significant factor in the development of gastric cancer?
Diet Rationale: Diet seems to be a significant factor: a diet high in smoked, salted, or pickled foods and low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of gastric cancer. The typical patient with gastric cancer is between 50 and 70 years of age. Men have a higher incidence than women. Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans are twice as likely as European Americans to develop gastric cancer.
The nursing student approaches his instructor to discuss the plan of care for his client diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease. The student asks what is the most common site for peptic ulcer formation? The instructor would state which one of the following?
Duodenum Rationale: Peptic ulcers occur mainly in the gastroduodenal mucosa because this tissue cannot withstand the digestive action of gastric acid (HCl) and pepsin.
Which of the following is the most common complication associated with peptic ulcer?
Hemorrhage Rationale: It is the most common complication, occurs in 28% to 59% of patients with peptic ulcers. Vomiting, elevated temperature, and abdominal pain are not the most common complications of a peptic ulcer.
A patient presents to the walk-in clinic complaining of vomiting and burning in his mid-epigastria. The nurse knows that to confirm peptic ulcer disease, the health care provider is likely to order a diagnostic test to detect the presence of what?
Infection with Helicobacter pylori Rationale: H. pylori infection may be determined by endoscopy and histologic examination of a tissue specimen obtained by biopsy, or a rapid urease test of the biopsy specimen. Other less invasive diagnostic measures for detecting H. pylori include serologic testing for antibodies against the H. pylori antigen, stool antigen test, and urea breath test. Excessive stomach acid secretion, NSAIDs, and dietary indiscretion may all cause gastritis; however, peptic ulcers are caused by colonization of the stomach by H. pylori.
An older adult patient had a gastrectomy performed several weeks ago and is being followed closely by the care team. Due to potential complications of this surgery, the nurse should closely monitor the patient's levels of:
Iron and vitamin B12 Rationale: Dietary deficiencies associated with gastrectomy include malabsorption of organic iron, which may require supplementation with oral or parenteral iron, and a low serum level of vitamin B12, which may require supplementation by the intramuscular route. The other given blood values are not directly affected by gastrectomy.
A nurse assesses the stools of a client diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease. Inspection reveals black, tarry stools. The nurse would use which term to document this finding?
Melena
The nurse in the ED admits a client with suspected gastric outlet obstruction. The client's symptoms include nausea and vomiting. The nurse anticipates that the physician will issue which order?
Nasogastric tube insertion Rationale: The nurse anticipates an order for nasogastric tube insertion to decompress the stomach. Pelvic x-ray, oral contrast, and stool specimens are not indicated at this time.
The nurse is performing detailed patient education with a 40-year-old woman who will be soon discharged following a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The nurse and other members of the interdisciplinary team have been emphasizing the need for eating small amounts of food at a sitting and eating food slowly. What is the rationale for the nurse's advice?
Nausea and esophageal distention can result from eating too fast. Rationale: Because of the physical alterations to the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract that are created during bariatric surgery, the patient is prone to nausea and esophageal distention if he or she eats too quickly. Eating quickly does not contribute to ulceration or weight gain following surgery. The cardiac sphincter is not modified during bariatric surgery.
A client is prescribed a histamine (H2)-receptor antagonist. The nurse understands that this might include which medication(s)? Select all that apply.
Nizatidine Famotidine Cimetidine Rationale: H2-receptor antagonists suppress secretion of gastric acid, alleviate symptoms of heartburn, and assist in preventing complications of peptic ulcer disease. These medications also suppress gastric acid secretions and are used in active ulcer disease, erosive esophagitis, and pathological hypersecretory conditions. The other medications listed are proton-pump inhibitors.
Peptic ulcer disease occurs more frequently in people with which blood type?
O Rationale: People with blood type O are more susceptible to peptic ulcers than those with blood type A, B, or AB.
A nurse practitioner prescribes drug therapy for a patient with peptic ulcer disease. Choose the drug that can be used for 4 weeks and has a 90% chance of healing the ulcer.
Omeprazole Rationale: Omeprazole (Prilosec) is a proton pump inhibitor that, if used according to the health care provider's directions, will result in healing in 90% of patients. The other drugs are H2 receptor antagonists that need to be used for 6 weeks.
The nurse advises the patient who has just been diagnosed with acute gastritis to:
Refrain from food until the GI symptoms subside. Rationale: It usually takes 24 to 48 hours for the stomach to recover from an attack. Refraining from food until symptoms subside is recommended, but liquids should be taken in moderation. Emetics and vomiting can cause damage to the esophagus.
Which of the following medications used for obesity improves cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with metabolic syndrome?
Rimonabant (Acomplia) Rationale: Acomplia is the newest medication used to treat obesity. It stimulates weight reduction and improves cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with metabolic syndrome. Meridia was recently pulled from the market because of the increased risk of heart attack and stroke associated with this medication. Orlistat, available by prescription and over the counter as Alli, reduces caloric intake by binding to gastric and pancreatic lipase to prevent digestion of fats.
The nurse is providing care to a client who has had a percutaneous liver biopsy. The nurse would monitor the client for which of the following?
Signs and symptoms of bleeding Rationale: A major complication after a liver biopsy is bleeding, so it would be important for the nurse to monitor the client for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Return of the gag reflex would be important for the client who had an esophagogastroduodenoscopy to prevent aspiration. Monitoring the passage of stool would be important for a client who had a barium enema or colonoscopy. Monitoring intake and output is a general measure indicated for any client. It is not specific to a liver biopsy.
A healthcare provider prescribes a combination of drugs to treat reoccurring peptic ulcer disease, and the client asks the nurse the reason for all the medications. What teaching should the nurse review with the client?
The bismuth salts, antibiotics, and proton pump inhibitors will work together to suppress or eradicate H. pylori. Rationale: The recommended combination of bismuth salts, antibiotics, and proton pump inhibitors will suppress or eradicate H. pylori. Prostaglandin E1 analogs enhance mucosal resistance to injury; they do not suppress or eradicate H. pylori.
The nurse recognizes that the client diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer will likely experience
pain 2 to 3 hours after a meal. Rationale: The client with a duodenal ulcer often awakens between 1 and 2 with pain, and ingestion of food brings relief. Vomiting is uncommon in the client with duodenal ulcer. Hemorrhage is less likely in the client with duodenal ulcer than in the client with gastric ulcer. The client with a duodenal ulcer may experience weight gain.
A critical care nurse is closely monitoring a patient who has recently undergone surgical repair of a bleeding peptic ulcer. The nurse should prioritize assessments of which of the following signs and symptoms of a recurrence of hemorrhage?
Hypotension and tachycardia Rationale: Rebleeding has multiple manifestations. However, an increase in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure are key signs of a hemorrhage that are present in nearly all patients who are experiencing rebleeding.
A patient comes to the clinic complaining of pain in the epigastric region. The nurse suspects that the patient's pain is related to a peptic ulcer when the patient states the pain is relieved by what?
Eating Rationale: Taking antacids, eating, or vomiting often relieves the pain. Pain occurs about 2 hours after eating. Milk is contraindicated in relieving peptic ulcer pain.
A nurse is preparing to discharge a patient who had gastric surgery. What is an appropriate discharge outcome for this patient?
The patient maintains or gains weight. Rationale: Expected outcomes for the patient following gastric surgery include daily weights to ensure that the patient is maintaining or gaining weight, experiencing no excessive diarrhea, and tolerating six small meals a day. Patients may require vitamin B12 supplementation by the intramuscular route and do not require a diet excessively rich in calcium.
A client is prescribed tetracycline to treat peptic ulcer disease. Which instruction would the nurse give the client?
"Be sure to wear sunscreen while taking this medicine." Rationale: Tetracycline may cause a photosensitivity reaction in clients. The nurse should caution the client to use sunscreen when taking this drug. Dairy products can reduce the effectiveness of tetracycline, so the nurse should not advise him or her to take the medication with milk. GI upset is possible with tetracycline administration. Administration of tetracycline does not necessitate driving restrictions.
Endoscopy of a 60-year-old woman has revealed the presence of an esophageal peptic ulcer. The nurse who is providing this woman's care is assessing for risk factors that may have contributed to the development of this disease. What question most directly addresses these risk factors?
"Have you ever been diagnosed with reflux?" Rationale: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a significant risk factor for peptic ulcer disease. Poor diet, general infections, and dysphagia are less closely associated with etiology of esophageal ulcers.
A nurse is performing discharge teaching with a client who had a total gastrectomy. Which statement indicates the need for further teaching?
"I will have to take vitamin B12 shots up to 1 year after surgery." Rationale: After a total gastrectomy, a client will need to take vitamin B12 shots for life. Dietary B12 is absorbed in the stomach, and the inability to absorb it could lead to pernicious anemia. Visiting clergy for emotional support is normal after receiving a cancer diagnosis. This action should be encouraged by the nurse. It's appropriate for the client to call the physician if he experiences signs and symptoms of intestinal blockage or obstruction, such as abdominal pain. Because a client with a total gastrectomy will receive enteral feedings or parenteral feedings, he should weigh himself each day and keep a record of the weights.
A patient has been diagnosed with acute gastritis and asks the nurse what could have caused it. What is the best response by the nurse? (Select all that apply.)
"It can be caused by ingestion of strong acids." "You may have ingested some irritating foods." "Is it possible that you are overusing aspirin." Rationale: Acute gastritis is often caused by dietary indiscretion—the person eats food that is irritating, too highly seasoned, or contaminated with disease-causing microorganisms. Other causes of acute gastritis include overuse of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol intake, bile reflux, and radiation therapy. A more severe form of acute gastritis is caused by the ingestion of strong acid or alkali, which may cause the mucosa to become gangrenous or to perforate.
An obese male patient has sought advice from the nurse about the possible efficacy of medications in his efforts to lose weight. What should the nurse teach the patient about pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of obesity?
"Medications may be of some use, but they don't tend to resolve obesity on their own." Rationale: Medications for obesity rarely result in loss of more than 10% of total body weight. They are not intended as a substitute for exercise or a healthy diet. They are not solely intended for those individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery.
A client with significant head trauma is brought to the emergency department. When planning this client's care, the nurse would include interventions to address to address the prevention of which type of ulcer?
Cushing ulcer Rationale: Cushing ulcers are common in clients with head injury and brain trauma. They may occur in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum and usually are deeper and more penetrating than stress ulcers. Curling ulcer is frequently observed about 72 hours after extensive burns and involves the antrum of the stomach or the duodenum. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is suspected when a client has several peptic ulcers or an ulcer that is resistant to standard medical therapy. Gastric ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer, not specific to head trauma.
A client who had a Roux-en-Y bypass procedure for morbid obesity ate a chocolate chip cookie after a meal. After ingestion of the cookie, the client reported cramping pains, dizziness, and palpitation. After having a bowel movement, the symptoms resolved. What should the nurse educate the client about regarding this event?
Dumping syndrome Rationale: Dumping syndrome is an unpleasant set of vasomotor and GI symptoms that occur in up to 76% of patients who have had bariatric surgery. Early symptoms include a sensation of fullness, weakness, faintness, dizziness, palpitations, diaphoresis, cramping pains, and diarrhea. These symptoms resolve once the intestine has been evacuated (i.e., with defecation).
A health care provider suspects that a client has peptic ulcer disease. With which diagnostic procedure would the nurse most likely prepare to assist?
Endoscopy Rationale: Barium study of the upper GI tract may show an ulcer; however, endoscopy is the preferred diagnostic procedure because it allows direct visualization of inflammatory changes, ulcers, and lesions. Through endoscopy, a biopsy of the gastric mucosa and of any suspicious lesions can be obtained. Endoscopy may reveal lesions that, because of their size or location, are not evident on x-ray studies. Less invasive diagnostic measures for detecting H. pylori include serologic testing for antibodies against the H. pylori antigen, stool antigen test, and urea breath test.
A client has been taking famotidine at home. What teaching should the nurse include with the client?
Famotidine will inhibit gastric acid secretions. Rationale: Famotidine is useful for treating and preventing ulcers and managing gastroesophageal reflux disease. It functions by inhibiting the action of histamine at the H-2 receptor site located in the gastric parietal cells, thus inhibiting gastric acid secretion. Famotidine will not neutralize acid in the stomach, but inhibits acid secretion. Famotidine will not shorten digestion time and will not improve food mixing with gastric secretions.
During assessment of a patient with gastritis, the nurse practitioner attempts to distinguish acute from chronic pathology. One criteria, characteristic of gastritis would be the:
Immediacy of the occurrence. Rationale: Acute gastritis usually develops quickly, whereas chronic gastritis results from prolonged inflammation of the stomach.
A client reports diarrhea after having bariatric surgery. What nonpharmacologic treatment can the nurse suggest to decrease the incidence of diarrhea?
Increase the fiber content in the diet. Rationale: Clients may complain of either diarrhea or constipation postprocedure. Diarrhea is more common an occurrence post bariatric surgery, particularly after malabsorptive procedures (Mechanick et al., 2013). Both may be prevented if the patient consumes a nutritious diet that is high in fiber. Steatorrhea also may occur as a result of rapid gastric emptying, which prevents adequate mixing with pancreatic and biliary secretions. In mild cases, reducing the intake of fat and administering an antimotility medication (e.g., loperamide [Imodium]) may control symptoms.
Computed tomography of a patient with a sudden onset of severe nausea and vomiting has revealed the presence of a pyloric obstruction. Which of the following interventions is the nurse's priority in the immediate care of this patient?
Insertion of a nasogastric (NG) tube to suction to decompress the stomach Rationale: In treating the patient with pyloric obstruction, the first consideration is to insert an NG tube to decompress the stomach. Nutrition is not an immediate priority, and neither gastric lavage nor cleansing enemas is indicated.
A 32-year-old man who has a body mass index of 32 (morbidly obese) is considering bariatric surgery. In the time leading up to this surgery, which of the following nursing diagnoses will be the primary focus of interventions?
Knowledge deficit related to the implications of bariatric surgery Rationale: Patient teaching is a priority in the preparation for bariatric surgery. Necessary counseling and education would be prioritized over growth and development and spiritual distress, although each may emerge and be addressed accordingly. In seeking bariatric surgery, the patient is likely already aware of the risks associated with obesity.
A 66-year-old African-American client has recently visited a physician to confirm a diagnosis of gastric cancer. The client has a history of tobacco use and was diagnosed 10 years ago with pernicious anemia. He and his family are shocked about the possibility of cancer because he was asymptomatic prior to recent complaints of pain and multiple gastrointestinal symptoms. On the basis of knowledge of disease progression, the nurse assumes that organs adjacent to the stomach are also affected. Which of the following organs may be affected? Choose all that apply.
Liver Pancreas Duodenum Rationale: Most gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas; they can occur anywhere in the stomach. The tumor infiltrates the surrounding mucosa, penetrating the wall of the stomach and adjacent organs and structures. The liver, pancreas, esophagus, and duodenum are often already affected at the time of diagnosis. Metastasis through lymph to the peritoneal cavity occurs later in the disease.
Which medication classification represents a proton (gastric acid) pump inhibitor?
Omeprazole Rationale: Omeprazole decreases gastric acid by slowing the hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump on the surface of the parietal cells. Sucralfate is a cytoprotective drug. Famotidine is a histamine-2 receptor antagonist. Metronidazole is an antibiotic, specifically an amebicide.
A patient asks the home health nurse from what the distressing symptoms of dumping syndrome result. What physiological occurrence should the nurse explain?
Osmotic transport of extracellular fluid into the gastrointestinal tract Rationale: Following gastric surgery, the gastric remnant is anastomosed to the jejunum. When substances high in carbohydrates and electrolytes are ingested rapidly, they pass directly into the jejunum. Extracellular fluid from the bloodstream is drawn into the jejunum to dilute these hypertonic intestinal contents. Irritation of the phrenic nerve causes hiccups. Reflux of bile is an etiologic factor associated with the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients who have undergone partial gastrectomy or bariatric surgery may absorb vitamins and minerals less effectively; however, this change is unrelated to the occurrence of dumping syndrome.
The nurse is conducting a community education class on gastritis. The nurse includes that chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori is implicated in which disease/condition?
Peptic ulcers Rationale: Chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori is implicated in the development of peptic ulcers. Chronic gastritis is sometimes associated with autoimmune disease, such as pernicious anemia, but not as a cause of the anemia. Chronic gastritis is not implicated in system infections and/or colostomies.
A client is in the hospital for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The client reports vomiting and a sudden severe pain in the abdomen. The nurse then assesses a board-like abdomen. What does the nurse suspect these symptoms indicate?
Perforation of the peptic ulcer Rationale: Signs and symptoms of perforation include the following: Sudden, severe upper abdominal pain (persisting and increasing in intensity), which may be referred to the shoulders, especially the right shoulder, because of irritation of the phrenic nerve in the diaphragm; vomiting; collapse (fainting); extremely tender and rigid (board-like) abdomen; and hypotension and tachycardia, indicating shock.
A 30-year-old obese female patient who underwent gastric banding 3 days ago is getting ready to go home. Essential postoperative teaching for this patient should include instruction related to the importance of abstaining from what for the next 2 years?
Pregnancy Rationale: Women of childbearing age who have had bariatric surgery should avoid pregnancy for approximately 2 years until their weight stabilizes, and it is evident that their nutritional needs are being adequately met. Multivitamins are generally recommended for the patient to supplement dietary sources of nutrients. Antidepressants may be taken if clinically indicated. Control-top pantyhose may be uncomfortable postoperatively; however, they are not contraindicated.
Which of the following is the most successful treatment for gastric cancer?
Removal of the tumor Rationale: There is no successful treatment for gastric carcinoma except removal of the tumor. If the tumor can be removed while it is still localized to the stomach, the patient may be cured. If the tumor has spread beyond the area that can be excised, cure is less likely.
A client is recovering from gastric surgery. Toward what goal should the nurse progress the client's enteral intake?
Six small meals daily with 120 mL fluid between meals Rationale: After the return of bowel sounds and removal of the nasogastric tube, the nurse may give fluids, followed by food in small portions. Foods are gradually added until the client can eat six small meals a day and drink 120 mL of fluid between meals.
A client is preparing for discharge to home following a partial gastrectomy and vagotomy. Which is the best rationale for the client being taught to lie down for 30 minutes after each meal?
Slows gastric emptying Rationale: Dumping syndrome is a common complication following subtotal gastrectomy. To avoid the rapid emptying of stomach contents, resting after meals can be helpful. Promoting rest after a major surgery is helpful in recovery but not the reason for resting after meals. Following this type of surgery, clients will have a need for vitamin B12 supplementation due to absence of production of intrinsic factor in the stomach. Resting does not increase absorption of B12 or remove tension on suture line.
A patient is recovering in the PACU following gastric surgery. The nurse who is providing this patient's care is performing frequent assessments of the character and quantity of the patient's nasogastric (NG) drainage. What are the nurse's expected findings during these assessments?
Small amounts of blood-tinged output Rationale: Following gastric surgery, the nurse assesses NG drainage for type and amount; some bloody drainage for the first 12 hours is expected, but excessive bleeding should be reported.
A client is admitted with a gastrointestinal bleed. What client symptom may indicate a peptic ulcer perforation to the nurse?
Sudden, severe upper abdominal pain Rationale: The client with a peptic ulcer perforation may have symptoms such as sudden, sever upper abdominal pain, vomiting, fainting, an extremely tender and rigid (board-like) abdomen, and hypotension and tachycardia, indicating shock. The client with a bleeding peptic ulcer will not experience hypertension or bradycardia. The client's abdomen with a peptic ulcer bleed will not be soft, but rigid.
A nurse is caring for a client who underwent a subtotal gastrectomy. To manage dumping syndrome, the nurse should advise the client to:
drink liquids only between meals. Rationale: A client who experiences dumping syndrome after a subtotal gastrectomy should be advised to ingest liquids between meals rather than with meals. Taking fluids between meals allows for adequate hydration, reduces the amount of bulk ingested with meals, and aids in the prevention of rapid gastric emptying. There is no need to restrict the amount of fluids, just the time when the client drinks fluids. Drinking liquids with meals increases the risk of dumping syndrome by increasing the amount of bulk and stimulating rapid gastric emptying. Small amounts of water are allowable before meals.
A client is diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease secondary to NSAID use. When preparing this client's plan of care, which medication would the nurse anticipate being prescribed? Select all that apply.
famotidine omeprazole Rationale: Histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists (H2 blockers), such as famotidine, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as omeprazole, are used to treat NSAID-induced ulcers and other ulcers not associated with H. pylori infection. The other drugs listed would be used as part of a regimen when H. pylori is involved.
A client with severe peptic ulcer disease has undergone surgery and is several hours postoperative. During assessment, the nurse notes that the client has developed cool skin, tachycardia, labored breathing, and appears to be confused. Which complication has the client most likely developed?
Hemorrhage Rationale: Signs of hemorrhage following surgery include cool skin, confusion, increased heart rate, labored breathing, and blood in the stool. Signs of penetration and perforation are severe abdominal pain, rigid and tender abdomen, vomiting, elevated temperature, and increased heart rate. Indicators of pyloric obstruction are nausea, vomiting, distended abdomen, and abdominal pain.
The nurse is completing a health history on a patient whose diagnosis is chronic gastritis. Which of the data below should the nurse consider most significantly related to the etiology of the patient's health problem?
Smokes two packs of cigarettes daily Rationale: Smoking is a significant risk factor for chronic gastritis. Alcohol ingestion can lead to gastritis; however, this generally occurs in patients with a history of daily consumption of alcohol. Protein drinks do not result in gastric inflammation. Antacids do not contribute to the etiology of chronic gastritis.
The nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease about how to make the necessary dietary changes to decrease acid secretion. The client demonstrates understanding of the information by identifying the need to avoid which substance? Select all that apply.
creamy sauces milk products decaffeinated coffee Rationale: The intent of dietary modification for clients with peptic ulcers is to avoid oversecretion of acid and hypermotility in the GI tract. These can be minimized by avoiding extremes of temperature in foods and beverages as well as overstimulation from consumption of meat extracts, alcohol, coffee (including decaffeinated coffee, which also stimulates acid secretion) and other caffeinated beverages, and diets rich in milk and cream (which stimulate acid secretion).
The nurse determines that teaching for the client with peptic ulcer disease has been effective when the client makes which statement?
"I have learned some relaxation strategies that decrease my stress." Rationale: The nurse assists the client to identify stressful or exhausting situations. A hectic lifestyle and an irregular schedule may aggravate symptoms and interfere with regular meals taken in relaxed settings along with the regular administration of medications. The client may benefit from regular rest periods during the day, at least during the acute phase of the disease. Biofeedback, hypnosis, behavior modification, massage, or acupuncture may be helpful.
A patient is scheduled for a Billroth I procedure for ulcer management. What does the nurse understand will occur when this procedure is performed?
A partial gastrectomy is performed with anastomosis of the stomach segment to the duodenum. Rationale: A Billroth I procedure involves removal of the lower portion of the antrum of the stomach (which contains the cells that secrete gastrin) as well as a small portion of the duodenum and pylorus. The remaining segment is anastomosed to the duodenum. A vagotomy severs the vagus nerve; a Billroth I procedure may be performed in conjunction with a vagotomy. If the remaining part of the stomach is anastomosed to the jejunum, the procedure is a Billroth II.
A client with a peptic ulcer is diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori infection. The nurse is teaching the client about the medications prescribed, including metronidazole, omeprazole, and clarithromycin. Which statement by the client indicates the best understanding of the medication regimen?
"The medications will kill the bacteria and stop the acid production." Rationale: Currently, the most commonly used therapy for peptic ulcers is a combination of antibiotics, proton-pump inhibitors, and bismuth salts that suppress or eradicate H. pylori. Recommended therapy for 10 to 14 days includes triple therapy with two antibiotics (e.g., metronidazole [Flagyl] or amoxicillin [Amoxil] and clarithromycin [Biaxin]) plus a proton-pump inhibitor (e.g., lansoprazole [Prevacid], omeprazole [Prilosec], or rabeprazole [Aciphex]), or quadruple therapy with two antibiotics (metronidazole and tetracycline) plus a proton-pump inhibitor and bismuth salts (Pepto-Bismol). Research is being conducted to develop a vaccine against H. pylori.
A client comes to the clinic after developing a headache, abdominal pain, nausea, hiccupping, and fatigue about 2 hours ago. The client tells the nurse that the last food was buffalo chicken wings and beer. Which medical condition does the nurse find to be most consistent with the client's presenting problems?
Acute gastritis Rationale: A client with acute gastritis may have a rapid onset of symptoms, including abdominal discomfort, headache, lassitude, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, and hiccupping, which can last from a few hours to a few days. Acute gastritis is often caused by dietary indiscretion-a person eats food that is irritating, too highly seasoned, or contaminated with disease-causing microorganisms. A client with a duodenal ulcer will present with heartburn, nausea, excessive gas and vomiting. A client with gastric cancer will have persistent symptoms of nausea and vomiting, not sudden symptoms. A client with a gastric ulcer will have bloating, nausea, and vomiting, but not necessarily hiccups.
When caring for a client with an acute exacerbation of a peptic ulcer, the nurse finds the client doubled up in bed with severe pain in the right shoulder. What is the initial appropriate action by the nurse?
Assess the client's abdomen and vital signs. Rationale: Signs and symptoms of perforation includes sudden, severe upper abdominal pain (persisting and increasing in intensity); pain may be referred to the shoulders, especially the right shoulder, because of irritation of the phrenic nerve in the diaphragm. The nurse should assess the vital signs and abdomen prior to notifying the physician. Irrigation of the NG tube should not be performed because the additional fluid may be spilled into the peritoneal cavity, and the client should be placed in a position of comfort, usually on the side with the head slightly elevated.
A nurse is providing care for a client recovering from gastric bypass surgery. During assessment, the client exhibits pallor, perspiration, palpitations, headache, and feelings of warmth, dizziness, and drowsiness. The client reports eating 90 minutes ago. What will the nurse suspect?
Vasomotor symptoms associated with dumping syndrome Rationale: Early manifestations of dumping syndrome occur 15 to 30 minutes after eating. Signs and symptoms include vertigo, tachycardia, syncope, sweating, pallor, palpitations, diarrhea, nausea, and the desire to lie down. Dehiscence of the surgical wound is characterized by pain and a pulling or popping feeling at the surgical site. Peritonitis presents with a rigid, board-like abdomen, tenderness, and fever. The client's signs and symptoms aren't a normal reaction to surgery.
