Chapter 24-29 AP Art History - Mia Yee Period 6

The Kiss

"The Kiss" Constantin Brancusi, 1907, limestone FORM: primitive, prehistoric, subtractive/reductive process, stylized, cube figures in an embrace, man and woman?, each section has different texture FUNCTION: commissioned by New York lawyer, extremely simple concept that is easily understood CONTENT: they are exactly the same height like Menkaura and his queen, there is a balance of power, not like in Kilmt's piece, where the man dominates CONTEXT: Brancusi was classically trained in the arts, he knew how to make anatomically correct bodies but he also wanted to make simplistic forms that were easily understood

The Kiss

"The Kiss" Gustav Klimt, 1907, oil on canvas FORM: man and woman kneeling on bed of flowers, nude save for the cloak that wraps around them both, patterns, flowers, geometric shapes, natural forms with more angular contours, divine gold FUNCTION: based off of a mural that Klimt did which received positive reviews, portrays complexity/intensity of absolute love/lust, mostly just aesthetic CONTENT: his geometric shapes on his cloak = masculinity while her flower shapes = femininity, dominance vs passiveness, potential divine presence CONTEXT: Klimt influenced directly by Byzantine art, part of art nouveau movement whose aim was modernizing design

The Portuguese. George Braque

"The Portuguese" Georges Braque, 1911, oil on canvas FORM: analytic cubism, lack of bright color, mostly variations on yellow and brown, sense of movement in that it constantly keeps your eyes moving, objects hidden within frame that are incomplete or indiscernible FUNCTION: part of a response to Fauvism, whose only purpose was to express emotions through strong colors CONTENT: guitar player, docks, "DBAL" with Roman numerals underneath to make viewer aware of canvas CONTEXT: fragmenting an object into many pieces was how Cubists allowed themselves to represent it from every possible angle

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel

118 The valley of mexico from the hillside of santa isabel. Jose Maria Velasco. 1882 CE. Oil on Canvas - Context: o After 1821 war of independence from Spain, Mexio sought to establish its identity through artistic means o Led to development of national landscape painting - Subject and Composition o White peaks of the volcanoes dominate the composition • The two volcanoes were main characters of a romantic lengend in mexico • Used the volcanoes to express spainish nationality o Background: lake of texcoco and outline of mexico city - Significance: o Romanticism landscape o Use landscape to establish Spanish nationalism

Monticello

Architect: Thomas Jefferson Date: 1768-1809 C.E. Country: United States Located in Virginia Medium: Brick, glass, stone, and wood Interpretation: Jefferson designed this as his home. A lot of emphasis on symmetry, carried out through the use of lots of classical columns. Pediment and large octagonal. The dome has fenestration around it, and inside there is a small apartment, which was not used for practical reasons of it being hard to access and being exposed to be the heat and the cold. Style: Neoclassical. Inspired by the discovery of the ruins of pompeii. Significance: Became a model of American architecture. On the back of a nickel.

Self-Portrait

Artist: Elisabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun Date: 1790 C.E. Country: France Medium: Oil on canvas Interpretation: Happy, she's happy to be painted. The colors are dark, no pastel colors. Rococo in her hair and softness in her clothes. Marie Antoinette's painter, painter her patron. This work shows her career as well as who she knows. Wealth is seen through her clothing. She's painting herself confidently painting Marie Antoinette. Looks at the viewer as she paints a portrait of Marie Antoinette, who is rendered from memory since she was killed during the French revolution. Inspired by portraits of Ruebens. Style: Rococo with some neoclassical aesthetic. She depicts herself as attractive, elegant, cheerful, and well dressed. Neoclassical aesthetic. Neoclassical: dark colors, high contrast color, seriousness, and not lighthearted subject. Significance: Elisabeth was one of the dew women admitted to France's Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture.

Liberty Leading the People

Artist: Eugene Delacroix Date: 1830 C.E. Country: France Medium: Oil on canvas Interpretation: A woman personifying Liberty leads the people forward over the bodies of the fallen, holding the flag of the French Revolution. The triclor flag which is still France's flag today- in one hand and brandishing a bayonetted musket with the other. Current Event. He captured the passion and energy of the Revolution of 1830, in his painting. Style: Romantic, a taste of political struggle. A unique color technique and intense brushstrokes. Realistic. Shapes form a pyramid

Y no hai remedio

Artist: Francisco de Goya Date: 1810-1823 C.E., published in 1863 Country: Spain Medium: Plate Etching, drypoint, burin, and burnishing Interpretation: Continuation of the third of may. A print. Dangers of war. The artist was sent to the general's hometown of Saragossa to record the glories of its citizens in the face of French atrocities. The sketches that Goya began in 1808 and continued to create throughout and after the Spanish War of Independence focused on the widespread suffering experienced in wartime and the brutality inflicted by both sides during periods of armed conflict. Y no hai remedio shows the sobering consequences of conflict between French troops and Spanish civilians. Goya showing his disappointment in what's going on in Spain. This work is showing the execution of the high spaniards. Dark, negative work. Goya is best known for his graphic representation of man's inhumanity to man. Hopelessness and disparity of war. Style: 81 Prints. Dark color and subject. Blacking painting. Very emotional dark work. Lots of emotion

Oath of the Horatii

Artist: Jacques-Louis David Date: 1784 C.E. Country: France, made in Rome Medium: Oil on canvas Interpretation: The 3 Roman brothers (Horatii) battling against the Curatii (group in Alba). The Horatii takes an oath to defend Rome "conquer" or die. He was commissioned by Louis XVI. The work may have been a call for revolution in France (fighting stance). Style: Leading painter in France of Neoclassical style. Neoclassical style (renewed admiration of the antiquity- Ancient Greek and Roman) this was because of the enlightenment idea of rationality was prevalent during the time. Rationalism gave way to mathematical perfection in art. Such as: arches and columns in the background (ionic), roman headgear and dress, and muscular/ideal bodies in motion. Heroic and important subject matters. Similar to school of Athens. High Renaissance similarities. Model of virtue= exemplum virtutis Significance: Vigorous powerful and animated; very emotional; movement

Grande Odalisque

Artist: Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Date: 1814 C.E. Country: France Medium: Oil on canvas Interpretation: Orientalist painting par excellence, te artist is neoclassical. As a student of David he carried on his legacy and many times produces history paintings. Here he depicts a Europeans version of a women in harem. She is a reclining nude in the tradition of Titan. (Based on Venus of Urbino, caused commotion,oblique/inaccurate, french fantasy, imperialistic thinking, anatomy secondary, sensuous more important/elongated form, distant look). Turns body away from the master's gaze, element if sensuality and eroticism. Looks erotic and aloof. Cool blues of couch and curtain at right heightened effect of her warm skin. Sheets contour her form. Ingres was a magnificent craftsman. Female nude, reclining. Style: Neoclassical dramatic contrast between the dark background and the lit flesh of the body. Romanticism. Significance: Sensuality

The Swing

Artist: Jean-Honre Fragonard Date: 1767 Country: France Medium: Oil on Canvas Interpretation: Also known as, The Happy Accidents of the Swing. The picturesque garden depicted in this artwork is a strong representation of the playfulness and the lack of seriousness that is associated with Rococo. Characteristics of Rococo: the ruffles in the dress of the swinging girl, the patterns of the illuminated leaves, the twisting of the branches,and scalloped edges of the clouds. The lavishly dress damsel is in high action. She is being pushed on a swing by an older man obscured by the shadows shifting our attention the decadent scene below. The woman on the swing flirtatiously looks down and kicking her shoe at her voyeur suitor, who lustfully gazes under her skirt. Another characteristic of Rococo, is in the statue of cupid whose finger is raised in secrecy alluding to the classical imagery used to evoke the hidden erotic messages in the painting.Reflects the indulgence that characterized the French aristocracy in the years before the revolution. Style: The scene is set in a misty and lush overgrown garden behind a bill to reinforce the seriousness of the subject. Rococo style. Atmospheric Perspective.

The Slave Ship

Artist: Joseph Mallord William Turner Date: 1840 C.E. Country: England Medium: Oil on canvas Interpretation: Slavery is still legal. Turner was against slavery. He heard about this event and decided to paint it. This gave people a scene of how people were treating each other. Slave trip from Africa- the people were claiming they were sick. They claimed they were "lost at sea" in order to get money. Shows what they went through. Slaves were thrown of the ship. Style: Romantic Painting. Emotional, contemporary, and abstract. Sublime experience of aww and terror. Scale-lined up with the hands. The colors: very little blue, lots of yellow/red/black (to show suffering). The white lights symbolize hope. Painterly brush strokes to emphasize a dramatic feel. Feeling of fear with terror. Created mood using atmosphere, small piece of the painting is narrative. Nature and landscape is used to communicate emotion.

A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery

Artist: Joseph Wright of Derby Date: 1763-1765 C.E. Country: England Medium: Oil on canvas Interpretation: "Progress". This painting epitomizes the common fascination with science. A scholar demonstrates a mechanical model of the solar system, orrery. The children crowd in awe, reinforcing the common fascination with the physical world. Wright visually composes his image in circular fashion. An apparatus for representing the positions, motions, and phases of the planets, satellites, etc. in the solar system. Switches from depictions of religion to depictions of philosophy. Influenced by Caravaggio, but modern subject matter. Looking past the universe as a clockwork mechanism. Orrery is illuminated. Light source in the middle of the painting. Style: Natural, genre scene like. Has a light source to put emphasis, like Caravaggio. "Progress Rocco". Significance: "Moral" is the pursuit of scientific knowledge. This painting gave theories and inventions of the industrial age to the history of painting. Light of knowledge, rather than the light of god. The Enlightenment, appreciation for knowledge.

Under the Wave off Kanagawa

Artist: Katsushika Hokusai Date-1830-1833 C.E. Period/Movement: N/A Original Location: Japan Location: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Patron: N/A Material/Technique: Polychrome woodblock print, ink and color on paper, Content: Mount Fuji, a large blue and white wave that seem to be in mid-crashing position. Form: Peak of the mountain with a massive creating wave. Paintings within the different views. Some have Mount Fiji in them. Some have three fishing boats and some have a bridge. Context: Aesthetics type of art that is created for the beauty for art's sake from the artist. This artwork reveals Japan's beauty. Function: To show the beauty of Japan and it's different natural art beauty. Style: Mount Fuji and the bridge and the three fishing boats reveals the location, Japan. Meaning: It reveals base of Japan's natural beauty. It is viewed in different perspectives of different people.

Still Life in Studio

Artist: Louis- Jacques-Mande Daguerre Date: 1837 C.E. Country: France Medium: Photography, daguerreotype Interpretation: Style: Still life genre. The process captured every detail- the subtle forms, the varied textures, the finely graduated tones of light and shadow- in Daguerre's carefully constructed tableau. 3D forms of the sculptures, the basket, and the bits of cloth spring into high relief. Daguerre arranged his objects to reveal their textures and shapes clearly. Daguerre could not alter anything within arrangement to create a stronger image. He could suggest a symbolic meaning through his choice of objects. Daguerre's sculptural and architectural fragments and the framed print of an embrace suggest even art is vanities and will not endure forever.

Portrait of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

Artist: Miguel Cabrera Date: 1750 C.E. Country: Mexico Medium: Oil on Canvas Interpretation: Juana is positioned the way she is to portray her status as an intellect. Miguel depicted this Nun as a very intellectual prominent figure. Portraiture. The nun is surrounded by books and instruments of learning. She is wearing a typical nun outfit with a monja (nun's badge) and she's holding a rosary. The rosary and the books show two contrasting subjects. Miguel Cabrera is trying to justify a balance between intellect and religion, they are both equally important. The red in the back represents her high class status. Style: Late Baroque period influence Significance: Miguel found inspiration for this painting in depictions of St. Jerome, the patron saint of Sor Juana's ruinous order. St.Jerome was often at a desk surrounded by books and instruments of learning. Juana is looking directly at the viewer. Writing implements rest on the table, a clear allusion to Juana's written works and intellectual pursuits. The combination of intellectual and religious objects, brings balance. Both of these subjects are of equal importance.

The Oxbow

Artist: Thomas Cole Date: 1836 C.E. Country: United States Medium: Oil on Canvas Interpretation: Actual view of Massachusetts. Mount Holyoke where river makes oxbow. Cole's division of landscape into 2 clearly contrasting areas: the Romantic on the left and the classical landscape on the right. West is wide open, sunny. After a storm, anticipation of beauty of sun. Foreground is dark helps frame and contrast. Landscapes are American antiquities. A dense forest that is impenetrably thick, with broken trees and a wild landscape with storms. It was painted as reply to a British book that alleged that Americans had destroyed a wilderness with industry. The painting speaks to the ideology of the Manifest Destiny, showing westward expansion. There is a small self-portrait if Cole in the painting; he is paused, as if in the middle of a brushstroke to engage the power. He elevated the landscape genre of painting to approach the status of historical painting. Style: Romantic. The tension between the improvements of cultivation and the sublimity of the wilderness describes the boundary between those lands which the hand of a man has touched and the undefiled wilderness. There is classical influence. Significance: Cole inspired the generation of American landscape painters that came to be known as the Hudson River School.

Migration of the Negro

Content: Context: This is a series of sixty paintings that depicts the migration of African-Americans from the rural South to the urban North after World War I. It goes back to tempera paint. He was influenced by Italian masters of the fourteenth and fiftheenth century. Form: Asymmetrical balance; large negative space; angular forms, simple shapes Style:Tempera; narrative painting Function: This piece shows the migrations of African-Americans from the South to the North. This scene shows a public restaurant in the North. Meaning: This piece is a narrative painting done during an era where abstraction was becoming extremely popular.

Fallingwater

Content: A high tech house in the woods with a water fall. Context: Example of modern architect that began to become part of the nineteenth-century. Then Wright took it to his own system and to develop a house that he believed fit and true to his heart. that is the weekend home that is built with uncanny sense of genius logic Form: Style: Artistic architect building. There is a spirit for the place with the waterfall in it. Function: Meaning:to demonstrate the modern twist of modern architect styles of the 19th Century.

Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park

Content: A village of people coming together in a painting. There are a lot of balloons in the back left. Context: The composition depicts who is who of Mexican politics, culture, and leadership. It shows Sor Juana, Benito Juárez who was a five-term president of Mexico, General Santa Ana who is handing the Keys of Mexico to General Winfield Scott, Emperor Maximilian and Empress Carlotta, José Marti who is the father of Mexican independence and is tipping his hat, General Porfirio Díaz with meals and is asleep, a police officer ordering a family out of an elitist park, Francisco Madero who is a martyred president, and the artist who is ten years old holding hands Caterina or death while dreaming of perfect love with Kahlo behind him. Form:Asymmetrical balance; it is a fifty-foot-long fresco and thirteen feet highStyle: Function: Didactic painting; colorful painting; horror vacui Meaning: This piece shows a revival of fresco paintings.

Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht

Content: Black and white woodcut Context:This is a artist that turned to making prints instead of painting during the First World War, just like many artists during this time period. This is an artistic artwork that shows the designed that are carved into a slab of woof and then are covered with ink and then printed onto paper. This is also similar to the Chinese method of wood printing. Form: asymmetrical balance Style:horizontal sections. Function:To show that this is the way of printing for the printmaking methods suck as engraving with ink. Meaning:to show the different techniques in which printing and artwork is demonstrated.Content: White lifted, low, building on green grass.

The Jungle

Content: Figures and bamboos mixed together. Context: Wilfredo Lam was a Cuban-born artist whose career took him to the United States and Europe. He was interested in Cuba's mix of Hispanic and African cultures. He was also a member of the Surrealist movement in Paris. He was influenced by African sculptures, Cubist work, and Surrealist paintings. Form: Asymmetrical balance Style:Surrealism Function: This work of art is meant to address the history of slavery in colonial Cuba. It was intended to communicate a psychic state. MeaningThe meaning of this artwork is to show the different landscapes that this artist has endured and what his creation turned out to be.

Composition in Red, Blue and Yellow.

Content: Geometric shape squares next to each other. The biggest one is red. The other ones are blue and white Context:This was a painting that erected out of the de Stiji style movement. It is one of the major modern movements. It is based off a Neo-Plassic ideology of art. There is a traditional style with Cubism as well. This is an artistic artwork that shows a variety of styles of artwork with the combination of major modern movements with them. He shows blocks of shapes and boarders to demonstrate the goal of pictorial rhythms. Form: Geometric balance Function:to show that the artwork is part of a modern art movement during the mid Twentieth century. Meaning: The meaning of this piece of art is that the Neo-Plassic painting depends on the space and the type of artwork being portrayed.

The Results of the First Five-Year Plan.

Content: Many people marching or protesting and a face of a Soviet. Context:Photomontage is a way that can include photographs with text, words, and even newspaper clippings. This is used to demonstrate composite images with the mounting of two or more images. This is a historical artwork as it is there to demonstrate the artwork that is shown the integrates between geometric planes of red. Form: everything is carefully constructed. There are only three types of colors and three types of tones. There are black, white, and sepia photographs with geometric planes of red to structure the composition. Style: Function: to show the mismatched scales of photographs with the power to show the viewer the reference to the Soviet Political system Meaning:to show how everything is carefully constructed with only three types of colors and tones. This artist alternates black and white with sepia photographs and integrates geometric shapes.

Goldfish

Content: Painting of a goldfish in the water. Context: The artist drew this painting to escape the pressure of Parisian life. He produced this artwork while visiting Moscow two times. This is an artistic artwork that this artist views of how goldfish seemed to have spoken to him while he was visiting Moscow. Form: Asymmetrical balance Style: This piece attractis the viewers attention to their colors. There is a continued influence of the artist that uses his colors throughout his career Function: to show that goldfish are things that the focus here centers on the fish itself. Meaning: to show that the interest of goldfish that attracted this artist to them during his two visits to Moscow.

Self-Portrait as a Soldier

Content: Painting of a solider. This piece is confusing because I'm not sure if the is holding a portrait of a nude male. Context:This artist made a masterpiece of a psychological drama. This painting shows the artist dressed in a uniform and he is standing in his studio with a bloody arm and a nude model behind him. This shows that the artist had a complicated way of coming of age as an idealistic young artist. This is an artistic artwork that shows the artists struggles in his artwork. He suffered with alcohol and drugs and paralysis for a time being. His fears about war were also obvious and were placed inside these artworks of his. Form: Asymmetrical Balance Style: there are cultural works with a complex hierarchy. This artist had a strong impact on Expressionist art and World War 1. Function:to show that the artists struggles and fears within the artwork. This was artwork with purpose. It served the purpose to relieve the man from his troubles through the strokes of a paint brush. Meaning:to show that there is more honest and direct ways and more natural ways to work than work produced by artists from industrialized Western European nations.

Improvisation 28

Content: Painting of horse and rider. Context:This artist uses horse-and-rider motifs to symbolize his crusade against aesthetic values and his dreams of a better and spiritual future through the power of art. It also shows how the painter used no less than seven other canvasses with images of riders. Function- The function of this artwork is to show that the rider came to signify the Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Form: Asymmetric Style:in the latter painting, there are images of a boat and waves with a serpent and perhaps cannons emerges on the left. Function: to show that the rider came to signify the Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Meaning: the meaning of this artwork is to show that there are different techniques that this artist uses and portrays different ways of demonstrating ways to make art.

The Two Fridas

Content: Two women sitting on a chair next to each other. They are holding hands and the woman on the left has scissors in her hands. She has her heart cut out of her chest, but it is connected to the other woman's outer chest. It is connected by arteries. Context: Artistic artwork that shows the self-portraits of Mexican people. The woman have elaborate hairstyles with hosiery and attires. Form: To show the harsh reality of the social expectations of society and the beauty portrayed in the arts Style: Function:The function of this artwork is to show the harsh reality of the social expectations of society and the beauty portrayed in the arts. Meaning: Women had beauty, but had a harsh reality

Fountain

Content: White fountain where men can urine into. It is marked with the letters and numbers, "RMUTT 1417" Context: This piece of work is considered as a ready-made sculpture that Marcel Duchamp thought was a work of art. He entered it in an unjuried show, but it was refused. He signed R. Mutt which is a pun on the Mutt and Jeff comic strip and the Mott Iron Works. The title of this work is called Fountain which is a pun as fountains spout liquid while a urinal collects it. He added more irony by turning it upside down. Form:Symmetrical balance Style: Ready-made Function:The function of this is to show that artwork is not a special object. It is a mass-produced in a factory. Not all of them are meant to be exciting or thrilling. Some are just there to leave you puzzled. Meaning: The meaning of this artwork is to show that the toilet is meant to symbolize the conceptual challenge posed by the readymade art today.

Villa Savoye

Content: White lifted, low, building on green grass. Context:This represents the culmination of the decade in which this architect worked in during the time of modern architect was developing. It is also an an artistic architect that has contributed to the rise of modern architect during this time of history. Form: Asymmetrical Balance Function: to contribute to the work that is being recognized during the rising of modern types of architect styles. Meaning:to show how modern architecture slowly rose through time after time.

Object

Content:Fur-covered cup, saucer, and spoon. Context:This artist created this object with an ordinary cup, spoon, and a saucer wrapped with gazelle fur. The artist believes that almost everything can be covered with fur. This is an artistic artwork that shows the Oppenhelm's elegant creation and how to understand the visceral memories and how to create metaphors and symbols out of it. Form:show how visceral reactions in Oppenhelm's sculpture comes the closest to the artist's aspiration. Style: Function:o show how visceral reactions in Oppenhelm's sculpture comes the closest to the artist's aspiration. Meaning: To show the elegant creation that this artist came up with, with just a china set and gazelle fur.

The Stone Breakers

GUSTAVE COURBET Oil on Canvas 1849 - mid-19th century 5' 3" x 8' 6" A desire to show how real life works; go against authority --> original art patrons were rich/people in power. Now the flaws in systems are being pointed out and they're not to happy about it. "Dirty rock-breaking people" are all of a sudden the subject matter of art. Question: What is appropriate subject matter for art? One of the lowest of the low jobs you can do in the world. Faces aren't shown to make these people generic, normal people. The guys are almost a part of the earth. The piece at the time is very subversive. Art still shows the value of the thing it represents. In the current political climate, these people shouldn't be idealized, but they are through this kind of art. Influenced by labor revolts --> laborers want better working conditions and such.

George Washington

George Washington Artist: Jean-Antoine Houdon Date: 1788-1792 Country: United States Medium: Marble Interpretation: Washington wears his uniform but holds a civilian walking cane with his right hand. To the left of and behind the general is a farmer's plowshare, yet he rests his left hand on a bundle of rods called a fasces, the Roman symbol of authority. Hood translated the symbol to an American usage by forming the bundle from the 13 rods, to stand for the unification of the 13 original colonies, and adding arrows in between that likely to refer to Native Americans or the idea of America as a wild frontier. Washington is portrayed as a man, not as a god. Balance between idealism of classicism and the realness he prefers (elegant, yet realistic- not ideal). Shows his duality as a military leader (sword) and a common farmer (plow) Style: Naturalism with Classicism. Washington has the contrappostro pose. Elegance of the Neoclassism. Contrapostro pose. Realistic details (protruding belly, missing button).

Las Meninas

Las Meninas. Diego Velazquez. c. 1656. Oil on canvas. Name: Las Meninas Date: c. 1656 Period/style: Spanish Baroque Artist: Diego Velazquez Patron: Location: Spain Material/technique: Oil on canvas Function: Show the painting of a portrait of the royal couple; the princess in the foreground with attendants Context: Velazquez has painted himself into this piece, shown at the easel. The royal couple appears in a mirror in the background; however, it is not clear if Velazquez is painting the couple or the young princess in the foreground. This piece is typical of Baroque art because of the one-directional lighting and how it appears to be coming from a window on the left. The light falls directly on the princess, while the rest of the figures are darkened. Also, this piece makes the viewer feel as if we are looking in on ordinary life of the royal family, therefore making it slightly a genre scene, though it does not depict regular people. DT: couple, princess, portrait, glimpse

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of the Art Daumier French realism lithograph 1862 a print of someone taking a picture from the sky. the birds eye view- something really rare. the buildings are a lot of photography studios, a little jab to how into it to people are getting. worries artists because it is a competitive threat. never before have people been able to express something in an image without some form of painting. the title shows that and points out the status of art and how solitary it is. also shows shows what painters can do and photos cant. photo is a toy. can we raise it to the height of the fine arts? is it for reals

Angel with Arquebus

Name: Angels with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Date: c. 17th century Period/style: Southern Baroque Artist: Master of Calamarca (La Paz school) Patron: Unknown Location: Peru Material/technique: Oil on canvas Function: depict an archangel with a gun (arquebus) Context: These angels wear the typical clothing of the Spanish aristocracy as this time. This painting was produced in Peru, therefore showing the increase of exploration of the Americas in the 17th century. Since this angel is shown wearing Spanish dress, it conveys how the Spaniards influenced culture in South America. DT: angel, spanish, Peru

Calling of St. Matthew

Name: Calling of Saint Matthew Date: c. 1597-1601 Period/style: Southern Baroque Artist: Caravaggio Patron: Unknown Location: Italy Material/technique: Oil on canvas Function: Show the moment when Jesus persuades Matthew to follow him Context: This piece is extremely typical of the Baroque period because of the staged, one-directional lighting. The light appears to be coming from an open window, and it directly shines on who is thought to be Saint Matthew. Saint Matthew was a tax collector, and he, as well as the other men at the table, are shown in contemporary dress. Jesus, however, and his companion are shown in appropriate attire of their time. DT: stage lighting, biblical, dramatic

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

Name: Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Date: c. 1647-1652 Period/style: Italian Baroque Artist: Gian Lorenzo Bernini Patron: Pope Innocent X Location: Cornaro chapel, church of Santa Maria Della Vittoria, Rome, Italy Material/technique: Marble (sculpture); stucco and gilt bronze (chapel) Function: Show the holy spirit entering Saint Teresa; divine joy Context: Extremely typical of Baroque art is the use of stage-lighting in this piece. The light, shown by actual lights as well as the sculptural rays of light, shine perfectly on the face of Saint Teresa. This creates a very dramatic effect, capturing the pinnacle of the biblical story. In addition, the drapery twists around the body, as seen in Saint Teresa, and the body of the angel twists as well. This twisting, complex motion is common of the Baroque period as they made their figures more dramatic and appearing to be in motion. DT: lighting, biblical, holy spirit

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza

Name: Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza Date: 1541-1584 C. E. Period/ Style: Post Columbian Artist: Unknown Patron: Don Antonio de Mendoza Original Location: Mexico City Materials: yellow varnish (Tecocahuitl) Technique: Pictograms Functions: The Codex Mendoza depicts the history of the Aztec rulers and their conquests, a list of the tributes paid by the conquered, and a description of daily Aztec life. The Codex was created for the purpose that it be seen by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. Context: The Aztec Codices are books written by pre-Columbian and colonial era Aztecs. The codices are one of the best primary sources to provide insight on Aztec culture. The pre-Colombian codices are highly pictorial. Descriptive Terms: Inorganic lines, geometric shapes, symmetrical balance Meaning: The artwork relates information about the organization and foundation of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. At the center of the diagram of Tenochtitlan is an eagle sitting on a cactus growing in the middle of a lake. The eagle and the cactus relate to the narrative surrounding the capital's establishment. Underneath the cactus and the stone in the middle of the diagram is a war shield, indicating the not peaceful settlement in the Valley of Mexico.

Fruit and Insects

Name: Fruit and insects Date: 1711 Period/style: Baroque Artist: Rachel Ruysch Patron: unknown Location: Northern Europe Material/technique: Oil on wood painting Function: show rotting fruit and insects Context: The fruit rots and the insects eat it; like all still-lives, this represents the circle of life. Still-lives are extremely typical of Dutch Baroque art; they are dotted with many small details that are all symbolic of the cycle of life. DT: circle of life, rotting, detailed

II Gesu

Name: Il Gesu Date: 1560 Ce Period: Mannerism Artist: Giacomo della Porta Patron:Pope Paul III Original Location: Rome Material/Technique: various stone Function: Home church for Jesuit Order Formal Analysis: Column groupings emphasize central doorway. Tympana and pediment over central door. Slight crescendo of forms toward the center. Two stories separated by cornice; united by scrolls. Framing niche acts as a unifying device. Interior has no aisles, meant for grand ceremonies. Context: Protestant Reformation, Mannerist distortions more appropriate to this contentious time period. In response Counter-Reformation where new order of priests created, called the Jesuits. They saw the power of art as a teaching tool and a religious statement.

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Name: San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Date: 1638-1646 Period/style: Italian Baroque Architect: Francesco Borromini Patron: Catholic Church Location: Rome, Italy Material/technique: Stone and stucco Function: Act as a Roman Catholic church Context: Unlike Renaissance architecture, Baroque architecture, like this church, is unbalanced, obtrusive, and focused mainly on the oval instead of the circle and square. The use of the oval shape comes from the growing understanding of the universe as a result of new discoveries in science. DT: unbalanced, strong facade, oval

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and hunting scene

Name: Screen with the siege of Belgrade and hunting scene Date: c. 1697-1701 Period/style: Baroque Artist: Circle of the Gonzales family Patron: unknown Location: Mexico Material/technique: Tempera and resin on wood, shell inlay folding screen Function: Show the siege of Belgrade and a hunting Context: Even though this is a Mexican art piece, it shows signs that are typical of Baroque art. It is extremely detailed on such a large platform. In addition, the atmospheric perspective draws the eyes of the viewer up to the horizon, which is also common in Baroque art. DT: detailed, screen, meticulous

Self-Portrait with Saskia.

Name: Self-portrait with Saskia Date: 1636 Period/style: Northern Baroque Artist: Rembrandt Van Rijn Patron: Rembrandt Van Rijn Location: Netherlands Material/technique: Etching Function: Shown Rembrandt with his wife, act as marriage portrait Context: This is one of roughly seventy-five self portraits that Rembrandt painted of himself (and this case his wife). However, this piece specifically acts as a marriage portrait for Rembrandt and his wife. It is supposed to act as a look into their daily life. Rembrandt is seen sketching, showing him as a working artist. DT: marriage portrait, couple, daily life

Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo

Name: Spaniard and Indian produce a mestizo Date: c. 1715 Period/style: Baroque Artist: Juan Rodrigues Juarez Patron: unknown Location: Mexico Material/technique: Oil on canvas painting Function: show a native Mexican with a European and their children Context: This is the beginning of people questioning the ruling class; thus, a new group of people, of mixed race, start to promote looking back to indigenous people. DT: new generation, Spanish, native, mixed

The Palace at Versailles

Name: The Palace at Versailles Date: Begun 1669 Period/style: French Baroque architecture Architects: Louis le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart Patron: King Louis XIV Location: Versailles, France Material/technique: Masonry, stone, wood, iron, and gold leaf (architecture); marble and bronze (sculpture); gardens Function: act as the palace for the royal family Context: Like all Baroque architecture, this palace is not perfectly balanced. In addition, it is extremely dramatic and the facade comes out towards the viewer. There is no perfect ratio of shapes, as seen in the Renaissance period. The interior precursors the Rococo period, as well as acts as the beginning of interior design; it is extremely overdone and gaudy, almost too dramatic. In addition, the French people were suffering horribly at this time from corruption in the government. Overall, Versailles represents the large gap between the wealthy and the middle class in French society. DT: grand, royal, palace

Virgin of Guadalupe

Name: The virgin of Guadalupe Date: c. 1697-1701 Period/style: Baroque Artist: Miguel Gonzalez Patron: unknown Location: Basilica of Guadalupe, Mexico City Material/technique: Oil on canvas on wood, inlaid with mother of pearl Function: Show the virgin of Guadalupe Context: The virgin of Guadalupe is the patron saint of Mexico. In the lower left corner, she is shown appearing to a young Mexican boy to show her as humble. This piece is typical of colonial art because it lacks bright colors and is not as dramatic as European Baroque. It even looks similar to Byzantine art because of its flatness and shell-inlay.

Woman Holding a Balance.

Name: Woman holding a balance Date: c. 1664 Period/style: Northern Baroque Artist: Johannes Vermeer Patron: unknown Location: Northern Europe Material/technique: Oil on canvas Function: show a woman weighing her valuables Context: Common of Baroque art and Vermeer himself, the lighting is one-directional and seems like it is coming from an open window. Vermeer's typical style was to make the viewer feel as if they were looking in on some intimate moment. She holds a balance, therefore possibly weighing her valuables. Jewelry is shown, and these trinkets can represent Dutch prosperity during this time; since the woman possesses valuables, it shows the rising of the middle class and the power of the Netherlands as a whole. DT: intimate, balanced, thematic, one-directional lighting

Scott Building

Title: Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building Artist: Sullivan Period/Style: Date: 1899-1903 Patron: Original Location: Chicago, IL, US Material: iron, steel, glass, and terra cotta Subject: office building Technique and Description: -industrial design -sky scraper Context: -Science and Enlightenment -economic prosperity -Eurocentric -secular -Industrial Revolution -interests in Classics from discipline of archeology and later in Gothic art -more patrons from aristocracy and middle class -nationalism and revolutions -rise of US Message/Meaning: -most embellishment is on ground floor to draw in shoppers but upper stories are plain for office space -form must follow function, all about function -Sullivan says function should dictate form, and by fulfilling function it becomes beautiful

The Horse in Motion

Title: Horse in Motion Artist: Muybridge Period/Style: Realism; Photography Date: 1878 Patron: Leland Stanford Original Location: USA Material: print Subject: Running horse Technique and Description: -photography Context: -Designed to settle the question of whether or not a horse ever takes all four legs completely off the ground during a gallop Message/Meaning: -birth of motion picture imagery

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

Title: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon Artist: Picasso Period/Style: Cubism and Modernism Date: 1907 Patron: Original Location: Spain Material: oil on canvas Subject: 5 prostitutes Technique and Description: -female nudes -proto-cubism -primitivism -violently fractured -stray from realism into conceptual Context: -World's Fair allowed Picasso to see African art -influenced by El-Greco, Cezanne, Gauguin -influence by African and Iberian art Message/Meaning: -2 women's bodies completely open to viewer, not really covering w/ sheet --> seducing viewer -fruit at bottom references forbidden fruit -other women wearing masks --> disguise for their humanity -thought African masks capture simplicity of shape, not distracted by imperialism, magic of oldest religions, spiritual/ axis mundi -Picasso likes magic but also science (Einstein found different ways of thinking about time and space) --> see from different angles on 2D surfaces (poses question: where do rest of the bodies go?)

Mont Sainte-Victoire

Title: Mont Sainte-Victoire Artist: Cezanne Period/Style: Post-Impressionism / Modern Art Date: 1902 Patron: Original Location: France Material: oil on canvas Subject: mountainside Technique and Description: -abstract -short brushstrokes -piecemeal perspective -lines -planes of color Context: -more analytical than Impressionism Message/Meaning: -deconstructing forms and seeing them in different ways -color used in expressive way -looking for new perspectives -looked for permanent structure, fundamental shapes behind the fleeting information eye absorbs

Olympia

Title: Olympia Artist: Manet Period/Style: Realism Date: 1860 Patron: Original Location: France Material: oil on canvas Subject: prostitute Technique and Description: -realism -2 dimensional Context: -Manet often considered father of Impressionism -Manet friends with a lot of prostitutes Message/Meaning: -prostitute --> wearing shoes, makeup, and nothing else -Olympia is common name for prostitutes at time but also references Mt. Olympus and usual Venus nudes -intentionally blocking view of body --> takes ownership of own body -eye contact --> confronting viewer and aggressive -has cat at feet (French slang for pubic triangle) -servant brings flowers and Olympia is indifferent, has sad look -curtains, usually used w/ the sacred, reveals prostitute -wanted to elevate prostitutes /real people

The Saint-Lazare Station.

Title: Saint-Lazare Station Artist: Monet Period/Style: Impressionism Date: 1877 Patron: Original Location: France Material: oil on canvas Subject: interior of train station Technique and Description: -plein air -swift brushstrokes Context: -interest in capturing optical realism -reaction to realism in photography Message/Meaning: -Monet seeing transition to more industry -doesn't feel industrial b/c light creates soft colors --> peaceful, beautiful -resembles interior landscape b/c smoke looks like clouds -trains not considered aesthetically pleasing --> Monet pushes people to look at world differently

Starry Night

Title: Starry Night Artist: Van Gogh Period/Style: Post-Impressionism Date: 1889 Patron: Original Location: France Material: oil on canvas Subject: Technique and Description: -landscape -hierarchy of scale -impasto -rhythm of swirling brush strokes Context: -Van Gogh was Dutch but spent most of time in France, close to brother Theo who provided paints and canvases, likely suffered from brain seizures --> hard to get along with, liked painting landscapes and portraits (excuse of human contact), painted in mental hospital he checked himself into after fighting with Gauguin and cutting off part of his ear Message/Meaning: -appreciated richness in dark sky (bright starts and moon) -stars are huge and church/town is small to show value -isolation from town but has whole universe in front of him -isolated by cypress tree

Burghers of Calais

Title: The Burghers of Calais Artist: Rodin Period/Style: Impressionism Date: 1889 Patron: city of Calais Original Location: France Material: bronze Subject: 6 city council members on their way to death in order to save city Technique and Description: -portrait (identifiable traits) -statue in the round Context: -Hundred Years' War between England and France (started in 1337) -commissioned to commemorated the heroism of Eustache de Saint-Pierre, a prominent citizen of Calais, during the dreadful Hundred Years' War -King Edward III made a deal with the citizens of Calais: if they wished to save their lives and their beloved city, then not only must they surrender the keys to the city, but six prominent members of the city council must volunteer to give up their lives (eventually spared) Message/Meaning: -wearing tattered clothes, malnourished -seem familiar w/ men around them but no one makes eye contact --> isolation -slumped shoulders, bare feet, and an expression of utter anguish -Eustache de Saint-Pierre (leader), who Rodin depicted with a bowed head and bearded face towards the middle of the gathering -positioned in circle --> no focus point or clear leader -sculpture on street level --> viewer can look into faces and have personal connection

The Coiffure

Title: The Coiffure Artist: Mary Cassatt Period/Style: Impressionism Date: 1890 Patron: Original Location: Material: drypoint and aquatint on laid paper Subject: young woman in a private moment, as she pins up her hair for the day Technique and Description: -nude -voyeuristic (we can see her front and back and she cannot see us) -crisp lines -simple color palette -portrait -stylized Context: -inspired by Japanese woodcut paintings -Cassatt supported more people's seeing art and approaching and relating with it Message/Meaning: -straight lines found around room contrast woman's curves -partially nude but not sexually charged -seems less explicit b/c no nipples (not paying as much attention to those parts) -etchings mass produced so cheaper and more accessible

Houses of Parliament

Title: The Houses of Parliament Artist: Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin Period/Style: Romantic Date: 1840-1870 Patron: Original Location: London Material: limestone masonry and glass Subject: government building Technique and Description: -pointy -stone tracery -towers -windows -pointed arches -symmetry Context: -Great fire destroyed Parliament (new commission asked for Gothic or Elizabethan) -Science and Enlightenment -economic prosperity -Eurocentric -secular -Industrial Revolution -interests in Classics from discipline of archeology and later in Gothic art -more patrons from aristocracy and middle class -nationalism and revolutions Message/Meaning: -Gothic is elevated because o fits association with great English architecture -stretched out proves it is revival not actually old -rejection of industrial values by rejecting industrial designs (but still used modern techniques to build medieval design) -symmetry suggests balance and power of gov't

The Scream

Title: The Scream Artist: Edvard Munch Period/Style: Expressionism Date: 1893 Patron: Original Location: Norway Material: tempera and pastels on cardboard Subject: figure screaming Technique and Description: -Avant-Garde -Symbolist -self portrait (b/c all of his inner feelings) -universal portrait Context: Message/Meaning: -changing how people thought about themselves through art -no individual face so everyone can relate -disconnected from other 2 people -could argue that its self-portrait

The Steerage

Title: The Steerage Artist: Alfred Stieglitz Period/Style: Realism; Photography Date: 1907 Patron: Original Location: USA Material: print Subject: immigrants on boat Technique and Description: -photography -lines and shapes from industrial objects Context: -Stieglitz on way to vacation ,saw all the different types of people (men, women, children, class, nationality) wanted to capture all different people in one picture -actually ambivalent about immigration and his dad was an immigrant Message/Meaning: -people thought he was against turning away immigrants but he claimed it was to appreciate formal elements

Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?

Title: Where Do We Come From? Where Are We? Where Are We Going? Artist: Gauguin Period/Style: Post-Impressionism Date: 1897 Patron: Original Location: Tahiti Material: oil on canvas Subject: life of woman from infancy to old age Technique and Description: -continuous narrative -symbolist Context: -French painter who visited Tahiti and loved it -recalls frescoes and Byzantine icon images Message/Meaning: -idealized simple lives of primitive women -mysticism -narrative read right to left like sacred text -An idol, its arms mysteriously raised in a sort of rhythm, seems to indicate the Beyond -strange white bird, holding a lizard in its claws, represents the futility of words