Chapter 24 - Digestive System
Which is not a reason the stomach is acidic? A) Kills microorganisms. B) Emulsification of lipids. C) Denatures proteins. D) Helps break down plant cell walls and connective tissue in meat. E) Activates pepsin.
B) Emulsification of lipids.
Which of the following is false concerning the process known as cotransport? A) Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported. B) More than one molecule or ion is moved through the cell membrane at one time. C) ATP is not required by the transport protein. D) Molecules can be moved against a concentration gradient. E) Molecules are moved in the same direction.
Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported
Which of the following statements is not true of swallowing? A) The buccal phase is a voluntary phase. B) Breathing stops during the pharyngeal phase. C) Primary peristaltic waves are controlled by the facial nerves. D) Secondary peristaltic waves are needed if the bolus is dry. E) The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow the bolus to enter the stomach
Primary peristaltic waves are controlled by the facial nerves.
A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the
appendix
Your patient with liver failure has a firm, rounded abdomen due to accumulation of fluid. This is known clinically as
ascites.
The fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the
bile duct.
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the A) stomach. B) pharynx. C) esophagus. D) bladder. E) colon.
bladder
Becky is experiencing indigestion and pain. The doctor also notes ascites formation in her abdomen. What is ascites?
buildup of peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Which of the following has an association with the fetal umbilical vein?
falciform ligament
The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the
falciform ligament.
Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of
fats
What stimulates stretch receptors in the rectum?
feces causing distension in the rectum
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? A) mechanical processing B) absorption C) secretion D) ingestion E) filtration
filtration
Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase into glucose and
fructose
Bile is stored in the
gallbladder
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is
gastrin
G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
Which reflex is stimulated by stretch receptors in the stomach to increase motility and secretions along the small intestines?
gastroenteric reflex
Leptin is to satiety as ________ is to hunger
ghrelin
The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the
gingiva
Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?
greater omentum
A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would
interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.
Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?
jaundice
A surgical procedure to promote rapid weight loss is removal of most of the
jejunum
The middle segment of the small intestine is the
jejunum
The villi are most developed in the
jejunum
The oral mucosa in much of the oral cavity such as the roof of the mouth and the surface of the tongue is comprised of ________ epithelium.
keratinized stratified squamous
) If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably
lactose
The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the
lamina propria
Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?
large intestine
What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver?
lesser omentum
The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called
mesenteries
The ________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement.
mesentery proper
Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts are called
micelles
Brush border enzymes are found in the
microvilli
Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?
parotid
Functions of the tongue include all of the following except A) mechanical processing of food. B) manipulation of food. C) sensory analysis of food. D) aiding in speech. E) partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx
partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx.
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen.
Each tooth is held in the alveolar socket by the
periodontal ligament.
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called
peristalsis
Circular folds are
pleats in the lining of the small intestine
The enzyme amylase digests
polysaccharides.
A blood clot blocking flow through the liver might cause
portal hypertension
The uvula is located at the
posterior margin of the soft palate
All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it A) precedes the gastric phase. B) functions to control the rate of gastric emptying. C) involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. D) helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. E) begins when chyme enters the small intestine.
precedes the gastric phase
cephalic phase
prepares stomach for arrival of food
The enzyme pepsin digests
proteins.
The part of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the
pulp cavity
The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the
pyloric part.
Functions of the large intestine include
reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.
Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the
rectum
All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach except that it A) has a simple columnar epithelium. B) is covered by a thick, viscous mucus. C) is constantly being replaced. D) contains gastric pits. E) recycles bile.
recycles bile.
The defecation reflex involves
relaxation of both the internal and external anal sphincters
Which of the following is not a lobe of the liver? A) left B) right C) quadrate D) caudate E) sigmoid
sigmoid
The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the
small intestine
D cells release ________, which inhibits the release of gastrin
somatostatin
The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to
stimulate hunger
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term gastrin?
stimulates gastric secretion
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the A) anal canal. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) oropharynx. E) oral cavity.
stomach
Chemical protein digestion begins in the
stomach
intestinal phase
stomach empties and decreases secretions
gastric phase
stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme
The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
The epithelium lining the oropharynx is
stratified squamous.
The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth.
sublingual
Which salivary gland produces a mucous rich secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant?
sublingual
Which type of salivary glands produces glycoproteins called mucins?
submandibular
Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the
submucosa
Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the
submucosal neural plexus
Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in
swallowing
Which accessory organ of the digestive system does not produce any enzymes or digestive secretions?
teeth
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion
CNS sensory or cognitive activation increases neural stimulation of the stomach.
Why do circular muscles contract behind the bolus while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus?
Circular muscles contract behind the bolus to push the bolus forward while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus to shorten that segment of the digestive tract.
The location of the palatine tonsil in the oral cavity is
between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.
Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by
bicarbonate from the pancreas.
Which of the following is not a digestive enzyme? A) amylase B) lipase C) bile D) pepsin E) trypsin
bile
The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the
bile duct and the pancreatic duct.
In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the
blood levels of secretin rise.
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
body
During deglutition, which of the following phases is first?
buccal
The oral cavity is also known as the ________ cavity.
buccal
The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract lumen across the epithelium is called
absorption
The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following except A) sensory analysis of material before swallowing. B) mechanical processing of food. C) lubrication. D) absorption of monosaccharides. E) digestion of carbohydrates.
absorption of monosaccharides.
Functions of the stomach include all of the following except A) storage of ingested food. B) denaturation of proteins. C) initiation of protein digestion. D) absorption of triglycerides. E) mechanical breakdown of food.
absorption of triglycerides.
A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect all of the following except A) relaxation of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. B) the composition of pancreatic secretions. C) the delivery of bile. D) digestion of lipids and proteins. E) absorption of water in the large intestines.
absorption of water in the large intestines.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term pancreatic juice?
alkaline mixture of enzymes, water and ions produced by acinar cells
If the pancreatic duct was obstructed, you would expect to see elevated blood levels of
amylase
Hillary could not suckle milk properly due to the inability to protrude her tongue. The physician diagnosed her with
ankyloglossia.
Each of the following is a function of the liver except A) synthesis and secretion of bile. B) antibody production. C) synthesis of plasma proteins. D) inactivation of toxins. E) storage of glycogen and iron reserves.
antibody production.
The crown of a tooth is covered by
enamel
An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucin production by the submucosal duodenal glands is
enterocrinin
Hormones are released from the mucosa layer by these cells?
enteroendocrine cells
tyrpsinogen
enteropeptidase
The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the
entry of food into the stomach.
All of the following contain mucous cells in the epithelium except the A) stomach. B) transverse colon. C) esophagus. D) small intestine. E) large intestine.
esophagus
Haustra are
expansible pouches of the colon.
The process of defecation eliminates
feces
pepsinogen
hydrochloric acid
Parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid.
Intrinsic and extrinsic movements of the tongue are controlled by the ________ cranial nerves
hypoglossal
Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of gastric activity? A) submucosal neural plexus B) myenteric plexus C) vagus nerve D) CNS E) hypoglossal nerve
hypoglossal nerve
Peyer's patches are characteristic of the
ileum
The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the
ileum
Which is not part of the large intestine? A) cecum B) sigmoid colon C) ileum D) transverse colon E) rectum
ileum
________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding.
molars
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth
The gastroileal reflex
moves some chyme to the colon.
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the
mucosa
procarboxypeptidase
trypsin
Chyme in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of what hormones in the digestive tract?
GIP, VIP, CCK, and secretin
There are normally a total of ________ deciduous teeth.
20
Put the following steps of stomach acid production in the correct order starting with the reaction that requires an enzyme. 1. Carbonic acid dissociates. 2. Chloride ion combines with H+ in the gastric lumen. 3. Water and CO2 combine to form carbonic acid. 4. H+ and bicarbonate ion are transported into the gastric lumen. 5. Cl- diffuses into the gastric lumen.
3, 1, 4, 5, 2
________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of irregular plates converging toward a central vein.
Hepatocytes
Which of the following is true regarding the production of intestinal juice?
Local reflexes and parasympathetic stimulation increase the production of intestinal juice
Which of the following is true regarding digestion and absorption in the stomach?
Protein digestion begins in the stomach.
Which of the following is true regarding lactose intolerance?
The intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase
Which is not true of pancreatic enzymes? A) Their primary site of action is the pancreas. B) The majority are proteases. C) Most are secreted as proenzymes. D) They digest carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. E) They are produced by exocrine tissue.
Their primary site of action is the pancreas.
Stimulation of gastric stretch receptors causes all of the following except A) a decrease in myenteric plexus stimulation. B) an increase in histamine release. C) an increase in gastrin secretion. D) an increase in submucosal neural plexus stimulation. E) an increase in acid production.
a decrease in myenteric plexus stimulation.
The greater omentum is
a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera
A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in
a higher pH during gastric digestion
The mesocolon is
a mesentery associated with a portion of the large intestine.
Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result, you would expect Mary to be at risk for
abnormal erythropoiesis
Name the region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus.
cardia
To which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect?
cardia
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term cholecystokinin (CCK)?
causes gallbladder to contract
The pouchlike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the
cecum
The root of a tooth is covered by
cement
In the center of a liver lobule there is a
central vein
Which of the following is not a component of the portal triad found at the edges of a liver lobule? A) hepatic artery B) bile duct C) central vein D) hepatic portal vein
central vein
Inflammation of the gallbladder is termed
cholecystitis.
Triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids and fat-soluble vitamins that are coated with proteins are called
chylomicrons.
A feature of the digestive tract wall that increases surface area available for absorption is the
circular folds
Which of these digestive structures is not necessary for life? A) stomach B) small intestines C) colon D) liver E) pancreas
colon
) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus?
coordinates activity of muscularis externa
The absorption of some sugars in the small intestine involves
cotransport.
________ are also known as canines.
cuspids
The first teeth to appear are the ________ teeth.
deciduous
A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would
decrease intestinal motility
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
dentin
At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the
descending colon
Within the oral cavity, both mechanical and chemical ________ begin
digestion
Pancreatic juice enters the small intestine at the
duodenal papilla
Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the
duodenum
The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the
duodenum
) Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on all of the following except A) the sodium-potassium pump in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell. B) cotransporter proteins in the apical membrane of the epithelial cell. C) higher sodium ion concentration in the lumen than in the epithelial cell. D) sodium-linked cotransport. E) emulsification forming small micelles
emulsification forming small micelles
Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.
emulsifying
There are normally a total of ________ permanent teeth.
32
Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer. 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae
4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5
Place the following structures in order as food passes into them. 1. cecum 2. duodenum 3. ileum 4. jejunum 5. stomach
5, 2, 4, 3, 1
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
mesenteries
Which structure is not found in the oral cavity? A) palatine tonsil B) palatoglossal arch C) conchae D) gingivae E) uvula
C) conchae
The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it
has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.
The essential functions of the liver include all of the following except A) metabolic regulation. B) hematological regulation. C) bile production. D) albumin production for blood osmotic pressure. E) hormonal regulation.
hormonal regulation.
Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you not expect to observe in Tony? A) increased clotting time B) jaundice C) portal hypertension and ascites D) decrease in plasma protein production E) impaired erythropoiesis
impaired erythropoiesis
________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping.
incisors
Circular folds and intestinal villi
increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine
The connection of the anterior portion of the tongue to the underlying epithelium is the
lingual frenulum
Identify the incorrect pairing. A) gallbladder; stores bile B) esophagus; transports material to stomach C) pancreas; secretes amylases D) liver; produces intrinsic factor E) stomach; has an alkaline lining
liver; produces intrinsic factor
The basic functional units of the liver are the
lobules
Distension of the gastric wall leads to secretion of histamines from the lamina propria. This is an example of ________ response.
local
The teniae coli are
longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall
Products of fat digestion are transported initially by
lymphatic vessels
Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called
mass movements.
The technical term for chewing is
mastication.
Digestion refers to the
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
The esophagus has several variations from the standard plan of the GI tract. These include
muscularis externa has some skeletal muscle.
Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.
muscularis mucosa
Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the
myenteric plexus
Which of the following is not a pharyngeal muscle involved in swallowing? A) pharyngeal constrictor muscle B) palatopharyngeus C) stylopharyngeus D) omohyoid E) palatal
omohyoid
Gastric pits are
openings into gastric glands.
Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the
oropharynx
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
pancreas
The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of
pancreatic acini.
Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from
parasympathetic stimulation.
In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the ________ glands.
parotid
The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molae
parotid
Which of the following enzymes is not produced by the pancreas? A) alpha-amylase B) rennin C) lipase D) nucleases E) peptidases
rennin
An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that coagulates milk proteins is
rennin.
In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid
rich in bicarbonate ions
In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid
rich in enzymes
All of the following enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine except A) the circular folds. B) the villi. C) the microvilli. D) intestinal movements. E) rugae.
rugae
The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called
rugae
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is
secretin
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus?
sensory neural network
________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity
three
At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the
transverse colon
An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is
trypsin
A proenzyme secreted by the pancreas is
trypsinogen
An obstruction of the bile duct often results in
undigested fat in the feces
A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the
uvula
The dangling process that aids in keeping food out of the nasopharynx is known as the
uvula
The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the
vestibule
Which of the following is not found in the large intestines? A) villi B) intestinal crypts C) intestinal glands D) mucous cells E) simple columnar epithelium
villi
Motility in the small intestines is controlled in part by all of the following except A) VIP. B) motilin. C) vagus nerve. D) myenteric reflexes. E) gastroenteric reflexes.
vip
