Chapter 24 Smartbook

describe the cecum

A rounded pouch located at the proximal end of the large intestine

serosa

Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium

the structures through which exocrine acini secretions flow

Intercalated ducts, pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla, interlobular ducts

functions of the liver

Interconversion of nutrients; production of bile; storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins and minerals; phagocytosis; synthesis of new molecules

How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?

The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.

muscularis

Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer

functions of the digestive tract

absorb electrolytes, absorb water, digest food

structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium

anal canal, esophagus, oropharynx, mouth

identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the liver and ending with the small intestine

bile canaliculus, haptic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla, duodenum

larges part of the stomach

body

The ____________ sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach and the _________ sphincter is between the

cardiac, pyloric

The proximal end of the large intestine is characterized by a pouch-like structure called the

cecum

The large intestine consists of the _____, and the anal canal.

cecum, colon, rectum

The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.

cephalic

Teniae coli are bands of longitudinal muscle of the ______ that form haustra upon contraction.

colon

identify the ducts that join to directly form common bile duct

common hepatic duct, cystic duct

submucosa consists of ________ tissue

connective

mucosa

consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle

cardiac sphincter

constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach

The basic part of a tooth with one or more cusps is the

crown

duct leading from the gallbladder

cystic duct

Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the gall bladder and ending with the small intestine.

cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla duodenum

functions of the tongue

detects taste sensations, aids in swallowing, moves food within the mouth, aids in speech production, holds food in place during mastication

The two major divisions of the digestive system include the

digestive tract and accessory organs

The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______

enteric nervous system

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the

esophagus

during stomach filling the rugae

flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume

the rounded superior portion of the stomach

fundus

The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the

gallbladder

Place the events of the defecation reflex controlled by parasympathetic reflexes in chronological order

gastrologic and duodenocolic reflexes promote mass movements in the colon rectum is distended action potentials are propagated to the defecation reflex center in the spinal cord efferent impulses stimulate contraction of the colon and rectum and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter action potential from the spinal cord ascend to the brain action potential from the brain regulate the defection reflex center

Place the events of the defecation reflex in chronological order.

gatrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes are triggered, mass movements in colon propel contents towards the rectum, rectum is distended, local reflexes stimulate contraction of colon and rectum and relaxation of internal anal sphincter

the hepatic portal triad consists of 3 vessels:

haptic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic duct

The palate consists of two parts. The anterior part is called the _________ palate, and the posterior portion is called the ________ palate

hard, soft

the pouches of the large intestine that result from contraction of the teniae coli

haustra

the vessels that empty into the hepatic sinusoids

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein

the one-way valve between the small intestine and the large intestine

ileocecal

Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination.

ileocecal junction, cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

The valve that allows intestinal contents to move from the ileum to the large intestine but not in the opposite direction is called the

ileocecal valve

the function of HCO3- when it is secreted by the large intestine

increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions

Identify the ducts that pancreatic exocrine secretions will flow through beginning with the acini and ending with the small intestine.

intercalated ducts, intra-lobular ducts, interlobular ducts, pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla, duodenum

Parietal cells of the stomach secrete ______

intrinsic factor, hydrochloric acid

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium

large intestine, small intestine, stomach

the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion

laryngopharynx, oropharynx

largest internal organ of the body

liver

Most nervous control of the digestive system is ____________, resulting from reflexes within the enteric nervous system

local

functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine

lubricates colon wall, protects intestinal lining, helps fecal matter stick together

Identify the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents longer distances within the large intestine.

mass movements

The strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called

mass movements

Digestion includes ___________ digestion, which involves mastication and mixing of food and ________________ digestion, which is accomplished by digestive enzymes.

mechanical, chemical

The esophagus is in the

mediastinum

Gentle contractions that occur every 20 seconds that proceed from the body of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter

mixing waves

Mucous neck cells of the stomach produce _____ and chief cells of the stomach produce _____.

mucus, pepsinogen

Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion

nasopharynx

the three basic parts of the tooth

neck, root, crown

The muscle that forms the majority of the lips is the _____________ and the muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the ____________.

orbicularis oris, buccinator

The ________ is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.

pancreas

peritoneal organs

pancreas, duodenum, kidneys

the ducts that join to form the hepatopancreatic duct

pancreatic duct, common bile duct

The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the ______.

parietal pericardium

The 3 large paired salivary glands are the

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

the three large, paired salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Strong contractions that force chyme near the periphery of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter

peristalic waves

uvula

posterior projection of soft palate

buccinator

primary muscle in cheeks

funnel shaped part of the stomach

pyloric part

constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

Organs that are located behind the peritoneal membrane are referred to as

retroperitoneal

the types of movements that occur within the small intestine

segmental contractions, peristaltic contractions

the adventitia or _________ is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system

serosa

the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract

serosa, adventitia

the external sphincter consists of

skeletal muscle

In the digestive system, the greatest amount of digestion and absorption occurs in the

small intestine

The greatest amount of digestion occurs in the _____ and the greatest amount of absorption occurs in the ______.

small intestine, small intestine

What muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?

smooth

muscularis externa consists of two layers of

smooth muscle

the internal sphincter consists of

smooth muscle

the enteroendocrine secretions that are produced by the stomach

somatostatin, histamine, gastrin

vestibule

space between the lips and teeth

oral cavity proper

space medial to the teeth

organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber

stomach

The layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands is the _____.

submucosa

The bands of longitudinal muscle of the colon that form the haustra when they contract are called

taenia coli

mastication

the process of chewing

moves food within the mouth, holds food in place during mastication, aids in swallowing, detects taste sensations, and functions in speech

the tongue

primary function of bile salts

to emulsify fats

the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption

villi, microvilli, circular folds

The serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the _______ peritoneum.

visceral

the phases of deglutition in order from beginning to end

voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase