Chapter 24- Urinary System (Question and Answer)

A

Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. (Module 24.1A) A) kidneys B) ureters C) urinary bladder D) urethra E) adrenal gland

D

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, A) more urine is produced. B) less urine is produced. C) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. D) both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases. E) both less urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

C

The process of filtration is driven by A) active transport. B) blood colloid osmotic pressure. C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure. D) renal pumping. E) net filtration pressure.

E

The process of filtration occurs at the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) distal convoluted tubule. C) collecting duct. D) nephron loop. E) glomerulus.

D

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the A) calyx. B) pelvis. C) ureter. D) hilum. E) pyramid.

C

The renal sinus is A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue. B) part of a renal pyramid. C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule. D) a large branch of the renal pelvis. E) a renal corpuscle.

B

A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. C) the middle segment of the renal tubule. D) attached to the collecting duct. E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

D

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day. A) 25 mL B) 250 mL C) 500 mL D) 1200 mL E) 2500 mL

B

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to A) excessive ADH secretion. B) absence of ADH. C) hematuric oliguria. D) overproduction of aldosterone. E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.

C

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal. B) surrounded by a fibrous capsule. C) located partly within the pelvic cavity. D) held in place by the renal fascia. E) covered by peritoneum.

C

An increase in sodium and chloride ions in the peritubular fluid affects the descending thin limb in what way? (Module 24.11C) A) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is a decreased osmotic outflow of water. B) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is secretion of potassium ions. C) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is an increased osmotic outflow of water. D) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is reabsorption of potassium ions. E) When the osmotic concentration around the peritubular fluid increases around the descending limb the result is secretion of hydrogen ions.

B

Angiotensin II has what effect on the CNS? (Module 24.9C) A) Angiotensin II suppresses the activity of the CNS including reducing thirst, reducing ADH production and reducing sympathetic motor tone. B) Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone. C) Angiotensin II suppresses the activity of the CNS including increasing thirst, increasing ADH production and increasing sympathetic motor tone. D) Angiotensin II triggers CNS responses including reducing thirst, reducing ADH production and reducing sympathetic motor tone. E) Angiotensin II has little effect on the CNS but activates the PNS.

A

Antidiuretic hormone A) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins. B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. C) causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. D) increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by decreasing the number of aquaporins. E) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

B

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. A) 480 B) 180 C) 125 D) 18 E) 1.8

E

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? A) 1 B) 38 C) 63 D) 74 E) 99

D

At which point is the osmotic concentration of filtrate highest? A) as it leaves the glomerular capsule B) as it enters the proximal convoluted tubule C) as it enters the descending limb of the nephron loop D) at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop E) as it blends with tubular fluid in the distal convoluted tubule

D

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration does not depend on A) changes in the afferent arteriole. B) changes in the mesangial cells. C) changes in the efferent arteriole. D) release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. E) None of the answers is correct.

B

Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma. Why does this occur? (Module 24.8C) A) The solute concentration in the proximal convoluted tubule is higher than that of the distal convoluted tubule. B) The solute concentration in the blood exceeds that within the filtrate. C) The solute concentration in the filtrate exceeds that within the blood. D) The filtrate contains higher concentrations of protein than that within the blood. E) The filtrate contains higher numbers of red blood cells than that within the blood.

B

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) afferent arteriole. B) efferent arteriole. C) vasa recta. D) cortical radiate artery. E) renal vein.

B

Briefly explain the difference between chronic and acute renal failure. (Module 24.14A) A) Chronic renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function. B) Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function. C) Chronic renal failure is a sudden loss in the ability to concentrate urine, whereas acute renal failure is a gradual loss in the ability to concentrate urine. D) Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss in the ability to concentrate urine, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss in the ability to concentrate urine. E) Chronic renal failure is the gradual loss in the ability to reabsorb glucose, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss in the ability to reabsorb glucose.

D

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by A) simple diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) active transport. D) cotransport with Na ions. E) countertransport for bicarbonate ion.

A

Compare obligatory water reabsorption with facultative water reabsorption. (Module 24.12B) A) Obligatory water reabsorption cannot be prevented, whereas facultative water reabsorption can be precisely controlled. B) Obligatory water reabsorption can be precisely controlled, whereas facultative water reabsorption cannot be prevented. C) Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule under control of ADH, whereas facultative water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule following the osmotic gradient. D) Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the ascending limb of the nephron loop, whereas facultative water reabsorption occurs in the descending limb of the nephron loop. E) Obligatory water reabsorption is responsible for regulating the final concentration and volume of water lost in urine, whereas facultative water reabsorption is responsible for about 85 percent of water reabsorbed out of the filtrate

B

Describe filtrate. (Module 24.4A) A) similar to blood plasma B) similar to blood plasma without proteins C) similar to blood plasma without proteins, hormones, glucose, and amino acids D) similar to cerebrospinal fluid E) similar to cerebrospinal fluid without proteins

D

Compare the minor and major calyces. (Module 24.3B) A) The minor calyx is an internal cavity and the major calyx is an external cavity. B) The minor calyces are located in the renal cortex and the major calyces are located in the renal medulla. C) The minor calyces are located in the renal medulla and the major calyces are located in the renal cortex. D) The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces. E) The minor calyces collect urine from juxtamedullary nephrons and the major calyces collect urine from cortical nephrons.

C

Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the A) collecting duct. B) distal convoluted tubule. C) nephron loop. D) glomerular capsule. E) glomerulus.

A

Define countercurrent multiplication as it occurs in the kidneys. (Module 24.11A) A) The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in opposite directions. B) The exchange of substances in the adjacent limbs of the nephron loop containing fluid moving in the same directions. C) The cycling of urea from the collecting duct to the nephron loop and back. D) The bulk reabsorption of substances in the proximal convoluted tubule and the bulk movement of water due to osmosis. E) The secretion of ions in response to hormones in the distal convoluted tubule.

D

Define dialysis. (Module 24.14B) A) Dialysis is the breakdown of renal epithelial cells due to toxins. B) Dialysis is the process of transplanting a kidney into a person whose kidney are not functioning properly. C) Dialysis is the process of reducing blood pressure by taking diuretics to increase urine volume. D) Dialysis is the process of using an artificial semipermeable membrane to remove wastes and retain plasma proteins in the blood of a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly. E) Dialysis is caused by the backup of urine into the kidneys due to a blockage in the ureter.

D

Define the vasa recta. (Module 24.5C) A) The vasa recta contains sympathetic postganglionic fibers. B) The vasa recta contain the afferent and efferent arterioles. C) The vasa recta contain parasympathetic postganglionic fibers. D) The vasa recta are long, straight capillaries that that parallel the nephron loop. E) The vasa recta are capillaries that surround the entire renal tubule.

C

Describe autoregulation at the kidneys. (Module 24.9A) A) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by releasing hormones that influence salt and water reabsorption in the kidney. B) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by activating the sympathetic nervous system. C) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney. D) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by activating the central nervous system. E) Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing respiratory rate.

E

During the micturition reflex, A) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the lumbar spinal cord. B) sympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. C) the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed. D) the external sphincter is unconsciously relaxed. E) None of the answers is correct.

C

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except A) hydrogen ions. B) urea. C) proteins. D) uric acid. E) creatinine.

B

Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops. A) medulla B) cortex C) fibrous capsule D) renal columns E) renal pelvis

E

Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries. (Module 24.8B) A) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole drains into peritubular capillaries. B) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the distal convoluted tubule constricts the afferent arteriole. C) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the kidneys are in close proximity to the renal arteries. D) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because less proteins enter the afferent arterioles. E) Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

D

From deep to superficial, put the following layers of the kidney in order: 1) renal capsule 2) perinephric fat 3) cortex 4) renal fascia A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 3, 1, 4, 2 C) 3, 4, 1, 2 D) 3, 1, 2, 4 E) 4, 2, 1, 3

D

Identify the segment of the nephron that makes the final adjustments to the composition of tubular fluid. (Module 24.10A) A) glomerular capsule B) proximal convoluted tubule C) nephron loop D) distal convoluted tubule E) collecting duct

D

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce A) a larger volume of urine. B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. D) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. E) urine with less glucose.

A

In the PCT, ions and organic substrates are actively removed, thus causing what to occur? (Module 24.13A) A) An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid. B) An increase in aquaporin channels in the membrane. C) An osmotic flow of water into the tubular fluid. D) An increase in sodium transporters in the membrane. E) A decrease in sodium transporters in the membrane.

A

In which direction do fluids and solutes move in each of the three kidney processes? (Module 24.6A) A) During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid. B) During filtration, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space. C) During filtration, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during reabsorption, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid. D) During filtration, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during secretion, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space. E) During filtration, fluids move from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid; during reabsorption, fluids move from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space; during secretion, fluids move from the tubular fluid into the peritubular fluid.

B

Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following except A) produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs. B) increase the glomerular filtration rate. C) increase cardiac output. D) stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction. E) increase systemic blood pressure.

E

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called A) calyces. B) columnar nephrons. C) cortical nephrons. D) perimedullary nephrons. E) juxtamedullary nephrons.

A

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. B) decrease secretion of aldosterone. C) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowmanʹs) capsule. E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

C

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium and into the tubular fluid. A) filtration B) reabsorption C) secretion D) both reabsorption and secretion E) filtration, reabsorption and secretion

B

Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption, A) solutes enter the tubular fluid after exiting the peritubular fluid and crossing the tubular epithelium. B) water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular, epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid. C) blood pressure forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space.

D

Renal columns are A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. B) expanded ends of the ureters. C) the basic functional units of the kidney. D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

C

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) glucose C) albumin D) amino acids E) urea

E

The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) osmosis. D) cotransport. E) energy-dependent exchange pump

C

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter

A

The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop. A) vasa recta B) lamina propria C) trigone D) renal corpuscle E) glomerulus

E

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the distal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop. E) both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

C

The afferent arteriole in the kidney A) is also known as the descending limb of the nephron loop. B) empties directly into the calyx of the medulla. C) carries blood to the glomerulus. D) carries blood from glomerular capsule to the nephron loop. E) returns blood to the inferior vena cava.

E

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the A) corpuscular output. B) autoregulation capacity. C) filtration ratio. D) net filtration pressure. E) glomerular filtration rate.

B

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal papilla. B) renal pelvis. C) renal medulla. D) renal cortex. E) renal sinus

B

The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes. A) incontinence B) dysuria C) pyelonephritis D) renal calculi E) urinary retention

B

The detrusor muscle A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) surrounds the renal pelvis.

A

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. A) peritubular B) glomerular C) vasa recta D) cortical E) efferent

B

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is A) filtration. B) reabsorbing nutrients. C) secretion of acids and ammonia. D) secretion of drugs. E) adjusting the urine volume.

B

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) nephron loop. B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) collecting duct. E) minor calyx.

C

The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of what three layers? A) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores B) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes C) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits D) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule E) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus

B

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary What is the proper order in which blood passes through these vessels? A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8

B

The functional unit of the kidney is the A) calyx. B) nephron. C) collecting duct. D) kidney lobe. E) renal sinus.

D

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is termed A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria.

D

The inability to urinate is termed A) incontinence. B) dysuria. C) oliguria. D) urinary retention. E) urgency.

B

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney. A) slightly inferior B) slightly superior C) slightly posterior D) slightly transverse E) slightly ipsilateral

E

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves all of the following except A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C) a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts. D) a properly functioning nephron loop. E) the release of natriuretic peptides.

B

The most abundant waste solute in urine is A) potassium. B) urea. C) uric acid. D) protein. E) creatinine.

D

The outermost layer of the kidney is the A) renal cortex. B) renal medulla. C) major calyx. D) fibrous capsule. E) renal pelvis.

C

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) nephron loop. B) proximal convoluted tubule. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) papillary tubule. E) calyx

B

The structure known as the juxtaglomerular complex is located near the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) glomerulus. C) collecting duct. D) nephron loop. E) renal papilla.

B

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? (Module 24.11B) A) water B) sodium and chloride ions C) potassium ions D) sodium and potassium ions E) sodium and hydrogen ions

B

Trace the pathway of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein. (Module 24.5A) A) renal artery, cortical radiate arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, segmental arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, interlobar veins, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, renal vein B) renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein C) renal artery, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, cortical radiate arteries, segmental arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, interlobar veins, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, renal vein D) renal artery, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, segmental arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, cortical radiate arteries, arcuate veins, cortical radiate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein E) renal artery, glomerulus, afferent arterioles, segmental arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, cortical radiate arteries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein

A

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) renal pyramids. B) renal columns. C) renal pelvises. D) nephrons. E) calyces.

A

True or false? The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. A) True B) False

E

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except A) active transport. B) facilitated diffusion. C) secondary active transport. D) osmosis. E) phagocytosis.

C

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter B) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra C) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra D) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct E) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

B

What are the two reflexes that control urination? (Module 24.17A) A) the pontine storage center and the pontine micturition center B) the urine storage reflex and the urine voiding reflex C) the urine deglutition reflex and the urine micturition reflex D) the urine deglutition reflex and the urine defecation reflex E) the urine trigone reflex and the urine detrusor reflex

D

What does the juxtaglomerular complex do in response to decreased filtration pressure? (Module 24.9B) A) It increases aldosterone production and release. B) It increases ADH production and release. C) It decreases ADH production and release. D) It increases renin production and release. E) It decreases renin production and release

C

What effect does ADH have on the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts? (Module 24.12E) A) ADH increases the sodium transporters in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. B) ADH decreases the sodium transporters in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. C) ADH increases the aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. D) ADH decreases the aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts. E) ADH increases both sodium transporters and aquaporins in the apical plasma membranes lining the DCT and collecting ducts.

B

What effect does an increase in ADH levels have on the DCT? (Module 24.12C) A) Increased ADH will decrease the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. B) Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. C) Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which decreases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. D) Increased ADH will decrease the number of aquaporins in the DCT which decreases water reabsorption and reduces urine volume. E) Increased ADH will increase the number of aquaporins in the DCT which increases water reabsorption and increases urine volume.

C

What effect would a decrease in the Na+ concentration of filtrate have on the pH of tubular fluid? (Module 24.10C) A) pH would increase because more hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. B) pH would decrease because more hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. C) pH would increase because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. D) pH would decrease because fewer hydrogen ions could be secreted by countertransport. E) pH would not be affected because hydrogen ions are countertransported with K+ not Na+

A

What effect would increased amounts of aldosterone have on the K+ concentration in urine? (Module 24.10B) A) It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. B) It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is retained. C) It would increase the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. D) It would decrease the K+ concentration in urine because Na+ is secreted with it. E) It would not affect K+ concentration in the urine because Cl- is exchanged for Na+.

D

What is the term for painful or difficult urination? (Module 24.18A) A) renal calculi B) pyelonephritis C) oliguria D) dysuria E) anuria

E

What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) is reabsorbed in the PCT? A) 25 B) 50 C) 75 D) 90 E) 99

D

Which of the following descriptions does not describe a function of the nephron loop? A) relies on countercurrent multiplication B) creates high NaCl concentration in the renal medulla C) enables production of hypertonic urine D) enables production of hypotonic urine E) None of the answers is correct.

C

What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? (Module 24.2A) A) the renal artery and ureter enter; the renal vein and the urethra exit at the hilum B) the renal vein and urethra enter; the renal artery and ureter exit at the hilum C) the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum D) the renal artery and vein enter; the renal nerves exit at the hilum E) the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and urethra exit at the hilum

E

What three elements form the filtration membrane? (Module 24.8A) A) intraglomerular mesangial cells, afferent arteriole, and efferent arteriole B) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule, parietal layer of the glomerular capsule, and the macula densa C) macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, juxtaglomerular cells D) glomerular capsule, fenestrated endothelium, and intraglomerular mesangial cells E) fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and foot processes of the podocyte

E

What would happen to a kidneyʹs position if the perinephric fat layer were depleted and the collagen fibers of the fibrous capsule were to become detached? (Module 24.2C) A) The kidneys would be pulled anteriorly. B) The kidneys would be pulled posteriorly. C) The kidneys would be pulled medially. D) The kidneys would be pulled laterally. E) The kidneys would fall inferiorly.

E

When ADH levels in the DCT decrease, what happens to the urine osmotic concentration? (Module 24.12.D) A) urine osmotic concentration stays the same and urine volume increases B) urine osmotic concentration increases and urine volume decreases C) urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume decreases D) urine osmotic concentration increases and urine volume increases E) urine osmotic concentration decreases and urine volume increases

E

When does urine production end? (Module 24.15A) A) when the fluid enters the distal convoluted tubule B) when the fluid enters the collecting ducts C) when the fluid enters the papillary ducts D) when the fluid enters the minor calyx E) when the fluid enters the renal pelvis

B

Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? (Module 24.7B) A) across the glomerular capsule into the proximal convoluted tubule B) across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle C) across the simple squamous cells of the loop of Henle D) across the proximal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillaries E) across the nephron loop into the vasa recta

D

Which of the following connections is not true relating the urinary system and other body system? A) The urinary system works with the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems to regulate fluid levels in the body. B) The urinary system works with the nervous system to control the micturition reflex. C) The skeletal system, specifically the sacrum and coccyx, help protect the bladder. D) The endocrine, specifically the hypothalamus producing renin, acts on the kidneys to produce more urine. E) The muscular system, specifically the cremaster muscle and sphincters, helps with voiding the bladder.

C

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? A) releases renin B) superficial portion of the kidney C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid

E

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term ʺrenal papillaʺ? A) releases renin B) granular tissue separating renal pyramids C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid

B

Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure, BCOP = blood colloidal osmotic pressure, CsHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure.) A) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP B) FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP) C) FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP D) FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP E) FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP)

A

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? A) excretes abundant protein molecules B) regulates blood volume C) contributes to stabilizing blood pH D) eliminates organic waste products E) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes

c

Which of the following is not found in the area labeled ʺ8.ʺ A) glomeruli B) proximal convoluted tubules C) vasa recta D) distal convoluted tubules E) peritubular capillaries

E

Which of the following substances is not secreted A) hydrogen. B) penicillin. C) creatinine. D) potassium ions. E) glucose.

C

Which of the tubules is impermeable to water? A) proximal convoluted tubule B) descending limb of the nephron loop C) ascending limb of the nephron loop D) distal convoluted tubule E) None of the answers is correct. All of the tubules are water-permeable.

A

________ is/are an immediately life-threatening condition. However, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible. A) Acute renal failure B) Chronic renal failure C) Dysuria D) Prostate enlargement E) Kidney stones

B

________ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine. A) Cortical B) Juxtamedullary C) Both Cortical and Juxtamedullary nephrons D) Neither Cortical nor Juxtamedullary nephrons, as only collecting tubules conserve water.