Chapter 25 + 26 Terms

Atlantic Charter, August 1941

FDR met Churchill to discuss joint military strategy. Their public statement expressed their ideas of a postwar world, and frowned upon aggression, affirmed national self-determination, and endorsed the principles of collective security and disarmament. The _____ was signed prior to the U.S. entry into the war.

Cairo Conference, 1943

FDR met with Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the Chinese government. FDR promised Chiang that Manchuria and Taiwan would be returned to China and that Korea would be free with the hope that Chiang would fight until Japan surrendered unconditionally.

Teheran Conference, November 1943

FDR met with Stalin and Churchill and set the date for the invasion of France for May or June 1944, to coincide with the Russian offensive from the east. Stalin promised to eventually join the war against Japan.

War Production Board (WPB), 1942/ Office of War Mobilization (OWM)

FDR's plan for massive war production included the establishment of this board charged with managing war industries. In time much of the authority of this board was transferred to the OWM. The OWM set production priorities and controlled raw materials. Both bodies struggled with the challenges of this task.

Battle of Coral Sea, May 7-8, 1942

First important victory for the Allies when American forces turn back the Japanese fleet from a planned invasion of Australia.

Czechoslovakia, March 1939

Hitler broke the Munich agreement by sending troops to occupy all of _____, And, in April, Hitler started making threats against Poland and then Britain and France assured the Polish government they would come to its aid if Germany attacked.

Sudetenland, 1938

Hitler demands this strip of land in Czechoslovakia on the grounds that it "belonged" to Germany since most people in the region were German-speaking. An attempt to resolve this crisis was made through a conference of Britain, France, Germany, and Italy in Munich. Roosevelt encouraged this meeting in the hopes of maintaining peace.

Fall of France / Dunkirk, 1940

Hitler launched his blitzkrieg on this country in 1940. The British were already being driven back when Hitler attacked Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. • Britain evacuated 338,000 men from _____ Beach across the English Channel. Mussolini attacked from the South at the same time, and on June 22 France surrendered.

Poland, September 1, 1939

Hitler's troops attacked _____ on Sept. 1, 1939. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany and this marked the advent of World War II.

Korematsu v. US (1944)

The Supreme Court upheld the U.S. government policy of placing West Coast Japanese-Americans in internment camps. In 1988, the federal government recognized the injustice of the order and awarded financial compensation to those still alive that had been interned.

Rhineland, 1936

The Treaty of Versailles had demilitarized this region in western Germany, but Hitler openly defied the treaty by sending German troops into the _____.

Recognition of the Soviet Union, 1933

The United States had never recognized the Communist government established in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. So in 1933 Roosevelt recognized the _____ and established diplomatic relations in an attempt to increase U.S. trade and help the economy.

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

The United States proposed this treaty which outlawed war as an instrument of national policy. Fourteen nations initially signed it and forty-eight nations eventually joined it. • It is a symbolic act only - there was no means to enforce it -- its effectiveness rested on the "moral force" of world opinion.

War Labor Board, 1942

The War Labor Board was instituted to mediate disputes between management and labor, and sought to prevent strikes and out of control wage increases. The War Labor Board acted as the mediator to prevent massive strikes and wage increases that occurred with the labor shortage.

Atomic Bomb, 1945

The atomic bomb was successfully built in 1944 and was employed in bombing the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bomb unleashed terrible fury on the two cities, killing hundreds of thousands of people through the incinerating heat and radiation poisoning. There was also debate on whether such a potent and powerful weapon should have been unleashed before proper tests were conducted on the long-term effects.

Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 1944

The battle paved the way for the U.S. reoccupation of the Philippines. -Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle in history. The Japanese army was nearly destroyed in this action that ended in an American victory.

Fair Employment Practices Commission, 1941

A. Philip Randolph's (president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) demanded that the government compel companies awarded defense contracts to integrate their labor force or he would organize a demonstration of 100,000 marchers to the capital. — In exchange for Randolph's promise to cancel the march, Roosevelt formed the Commission to investigate cases of discrimination against blacks in wartime industries. — The Commission had poor enforcement powers, but it was a symbolic victory for African-Americans.

FDR's "Quarantine" Speech, 1937

After Japan's invasion of China in 1937, he tested the American public's commitment to isolationism by proposing that democracies ban together to "_____" Japan or any other aggressor nation that broke world peace. He was vague about what that meant - whether it was breaking diplomatic relations or included economic sanctions, nevertheless, U.S. public reaction was hostile so he dropped the idea.

Isolationism, 1930s-1941

American public opinion during this period, although very sympathetic toward Britain and France, was strongly _____ because the majority of Americans believed the country should use any necessary means to stay out of war.

London Economic Conference, 1933

An international conference called by the League of Nations to resolve the issue of war debts and to take action to reinforce the gold standard. President Roosevelt broke with conventional wisdom because he decided to let the gold value of the dollar fall so that American goods could compete in world markets. • Consequently, FDR's announcement caused the conference to break up without reaching a resolution, and it was not until 1936 before the Roosevelt administration participated in talks to stabilize Western currencies.

"V-E" Day, May 8, 1945

As Russia pushed the Germans back into Germany and reached the suburbs of Berlin, the new German government surrendered unconditionally on May 8, 1943, Americans celebrated this Victory in Europe day with ticker tape parades and dancing in the streets. Afterward, U.S. turned its full attention to the War in the Pacific

Battle of the Bulge, December 1944

As the Allies prepared for an attack on Germany after moving up to Germany's border, Hitler threw the last of his reserves to fight against the Allied troops. On Dec. 25, the Allies stopped this last German counterattack and, within a month, drove the Nazis back to the Rhine.

Four-Power Pact

Britain, France, and Japan pledge to respect one another's possessions in the Pacific and work together to prevent aggression.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister

Washington Conference, 1921

Called to prevent an impending naval arms race between America, Britain, and Japan. Three treaties come out of this conference: Five-Power Pact, Four-Power Pact, and the Nine-Power Pact.

Yalta Conference, February 1945

Churchill, Stalin, and Truman conferred at Yalta on the Black Sea coast of the Soviet Union. They decided the following: — Germany would be divided into occupation zones — Free elections would be held in the liberated countries of eastern Europe — The Soviets would enter the war against Japan — A new world peace organization (the future United Nations) would be formed at a conference in San Francisco

Battle of Stalingrad, 1943

Communist forces at a terrible cost hold off a Nazi assault on the city of Stalingrad. The Soviet victory in holding off the Nazi influenced President Roosevelt to agree to a British plan to invade the island of Sicily.

Weimar Republic, 1919-1933

Democratic government established in Germany after World War I. By the late 1920s, the _____ had almost entirely lost public support (rampant inflation contributes to this). German political groups on the left and the right targeted the Republic as an ineffective government Hitler and the Nazi contended that the German army had not lost World War I on the field, but on the home front. In 1932, Hitler lost his bid to be elected chancellor, but came to power a year later.

Joesph Stalin

Dictator of the Soviet Union -Extremely suspicious of Churchill and Roosevelt and believed they wanted nothing more than no stand back and let the Nazis inflict hundreds of thousands of casualties on the Soviet Union

Industrial Output/Henry Kaiser, 1941-1945

Due to wartime demand and government contracts, unemployment was virtually non-existent by 1944. By 1944 the U.S. is producing twice the amount of goods of all the Axis countries combined. In the Kaiser shipyard in California, a new ship was being built in just 14 days.

General Dwight Eisenhower, 1941-1945

Eisenhower was the Allied Supreme Commander and led the D-Day invasion of Europe with great success. He was characteristic of the new breed of generals in that he had outstanding organizational and managerial skills.

"V-J" Day, September 2, 1945

Following the dropping of the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered unconditionally to General Douglas MacArthur on Tokyo abroad the battleship Missouri.

"Second Front", 1941-1945

From 1941 onward, the Soviet Union dictator, Joseph Stalin, wanted and demanded a "second front" to take some of the pressure off the desperate struggle Russia was waging to expel the Nazis. A proposed Allied invasion of Europe in 1943 was supported by General George Marshall while the British wanted offensives in northern Africa and southern Europe before attempting an invasion of Europe proper. This became a source of controversy between the Allies — Stalin suspected the democracies of letting Russia bleed become it was Communist. The postponement of the Second Front also gave the Soviet Union the opportunity to start moving toward eastern Europe.

"Destroyers for Bases" Deal, September 1940

Great Britain stood alone during this time and was under constant German air attacks and German submarines were threatening her control of the Atlantic. Roosevelt came up with a way to give her destroyers without upsetting the isolationists by trading 50 older U.S. destroyers in exchange for Britain giving the U.S. the right to build military bases on British islands in the Caribbean. • The significance of this deal is the U.S. was looking for every possible way to help the Allies short of joining the war.

"Shoot-on-sight" Policy aka Undeclared Naval War / Greer Incident, September 1941

In July 1941, President Roosevelt ordered the U.S. Navy to begin escorting British ships carrying Lend Lease materials from the U.S. The purpose of the policy was to protect British ships in the north Atlantic from German submarines. When the U.S. destroyer _____ was attacked by a German submarine it had been hunting, Roosevelt issued a "_____" policy for all German ships. This amounted to an undeclared naval war against Germany.

Ethiopia, 1935

In a bid to expand Italian colonial holdings in Africa, Mussolini sent troops to invade _____. Both the League of Nations and the U.S. objected, but did nothing beyond that and _____ was conquered after a year of bitter fighting.

Trade Embargo with Japan / freeze Japanese assets in the United States, July 1941

In response to Japanese troops occupying French Indochina, President Roosevelt _____ all Japanese assets in the United States and put a total trade embargo into place which limited Japan's ability to buy crucial supplies such as oil.

Casablanca Conference, January 1943

In the middle of the North African campaign, Roosevelt and Churchill met at Casablanca and resolved to attack Italy before invading France. They also vowed to pursue the war until the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers, and tried to reduce Soviet mistrust of the West.

America First Committee, 1940

Interest group who supported American neutrality and opposed entry into the European or Asian War. Its members included prominent Americans such as Charles Lindbergh and Senator Henry Nye (Nye Committee). It had the backing of many respected American newspapers and the tacit support of many Republicans.

China, 1937

Japan widens its invasion of _____. After Japan's invasion of _____ in 1937, FDR tested the American public's commitment to isolationism by proposing that democracies ban together to "quarantine" Japan or any other aggressor nation that broke world peace. Roosevelt was vague about what that meant - whether it was breaking diplomatic relations or included economic sanctions, nevertheless, U.S. public reaction was hostile so he dropped the idea.

Chiang Kai-Shek / China, 1928-1975

Leader of Nationalist forces in _____. In 1926, this man commanded the army which aimed to break the power of the warlords and unify _____. He also defeated the Communist army and forced the survivors to make the infamous Long March. He eventually established a government in Nanking. When Japan invaded the heartland of _____ in 1937, he was forced to move his capital from Nanking to Chungking • He lost control of the coastal regions and most of the major cities to Japan. In an effort to beat the Japanese he agreed to collaborate with Mao Zedong and his Communist army.

African-Americans, 1941-1945

Many civil rights groups used the need of the government for the cooperation of all its citizens in the war effort to push a new militancy in redressing discrimination. Blacks moved into service in all areas of the military, although most were in segregated units until 1948. A large migration of blacks from the South to Northern industrial areas made civil rights a national rather than a regional concern and broadened the political effects of black votes.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 1942

More militant civil rights organization that used sit-ins and demonstrations to target segregation in theaters and restaurants. This attitude continued into the 1950s and helped create the civil rights movement.

Japan Militarists, 1931

Nationalists and _____ in this country increased their power in the 1920s-1930s.This country's military leaders seized control of foreign policy from liberals in 1931 after the moderate government of this country did not block Chiang Kai-Shek's effort to take over control of Manchuria.

Island Hopping, 1941-1945

Naval commanders used this technique to bypass heavily fortified Japanese islands and isolate them with naval and air power. This strategy allowed Allied forces to move quickly toward Japan.

Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 Nagasaki, August 9, 1945

On August 6, 1945, an American B-29, the Enola Gay, dropped the first atomic bomb (code name Little Boy) on Hiroshima after Japan refused unconditional surrender. — On August 9 a second bomb (code name Fat Man) was dropped on Nagasaki. — Nearly 250,000 Japanese died, either immediately or after a prolonged period of suffering, as a result of the two atomic bombs. — After the second atomic bomb was dropped the Japanese emperor intervened to break the stalemate in the Japanese cabinet over unconditional surrender to the Allies. On August 14, 1945 Japan• surrendered to the Allies.

Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

On the morning of December 7, scores of Japanese dive-bombers and torpedo planes flew across Oahu to bomb the ships that were anchored in _____, Hawaii and to strafe the planes parked side by side at nearby air bases. • In less than 3 hours, over 300 aircraft were destroyed or damaged, and 8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, and 3 destroyers were sunk or crippled. It was the worst loss of U.S. arms in history. • The historical controversy has been did Roosevelt break the Japanese code and know the attack was going to occur? • The attack unified America. War was declared on Japan on December 8th (with only one dissenting vote in Congress). The issue of whether we would go to war only with Japan was resolved on December 11" when Germany and Italy honored their treaty with Japan by declaring war on the United States.

Austria, 1938

On the pretense of the mistreatment of ethnic Germans living in _____, Hitler sent German troops into the country and proclaimed a union with _____.

Japanese Relocation/Interment Camps, 1942

Over 100,000 Japanese-born Americans on the West Coast were sent to interment camps after 1941 because of a fear that they would leak out information about the U.S. to Japan. The internment policy was due to hysteria and racism. The captured Japanese were released in 1942, and FDR apologized to them.

Neutrality Act of 1935

Placed an arm embargo against any victim or aggressor in a military conflict and gave the president the power to warn American citizens if they traveled on ships of nations at war they did so at their own risk.

Good-Neighbor Policy, 1932-1945

President Hoover's administration initiated a new approach to Western hemispheric relations. The policy declared American's intention to use cooperation and friendship in place of threats and armed intervention in its dealing with Latin America. • Hoover's cooperative approach was extended and elaborated by President Roosevelt who pledged a policy of the "_____" toward other countries in the Western Hemisphere. • He did this because dollar diplomacy no longer made sense since American business lacked the money to invest in foreign countries and the rise of Germany and Japan caused Roosevelt to try to get Latin America's help in defending the region from future danger.

"Lend Lease," March 1941

President Roosevelt argued that aiding Britain would help America's own self-defense and he asked Congress for a $7 billion _____ plan. This allowed the president to sell, lend, lease, or transfer war materials to any country whose defense he declared was vital to the United States.

Selective Service Act, September 1940

President Roosevelt asked for the first peacetime draft in U.S. History. This act registered all American men between 21-35 and trained 1.2 million troops in just one year. • The isolationists opposed this, but its passage was an indication that public opinion had shifted away from strict neutrality,

Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934

President Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass this act which gave the Philippines the right to elect a president under a new constitution in 1935, and provided for the complete independence of the islands by 1945 and the gradual withdrawal of American troops. • FDR's motivation was to cut federal costs since governing the Philippines was expensive.

Four Freedoms, January 1941

President Roosevelt proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. war materials and argued the policy was necessary to defend the "_____" - that the United States must support nations committed to "freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear."

Franklin Roosevelt

President of the United States

Neutrality Act of 1937

Put "cash and carry" policy into place which meant belligerent nations could only buy nonmilitary goods from the U.S. They also had to pay cash and provide their own ships to get the goods home.

Rationing, 1941-1945

Rationing of vital commodities such as meat, sugar, gasoline, and auto tires was mandatory in World War II and the Office of Price Administration (OPA) enforced this. There was, however, also a thriving black market

Neutrality Act of 1936

Renewed the provisions of the 1935 Act

Nine-Power Pact

Restated the Open Door policy.

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act, 1934

Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull crafted this act which reduced U.S. tariffs up to 50% for any nation that agreed to comparable reductions for U.S. imports. This was intended to fight the Depression by increasing international trade.

Pan-American Conferences, 1933, 1936

Roosevelt carried out his Good Neighbor Policy at these two conferences. • At the 1933 Conference the United States pledged never again to intervene in the internal affairs of a Latin American country. • At the 1936 Conference Roosevelt pledged that the United States would submit future disputes to arbitration and warned that countries in the Western Hemisphere would work together if any European power tried to commit an act of aggression.

Election of 1944: Franklin Roosevelt (D) v. Thomas Dewey (R)

Roosevelt runs for a fourth time and Democrats replaced his liberal Vice President Henry Wallace with Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman (who had made a national reputation investigating war spending). Dewey as governor of New York went after corruption and racketeering. People close to FDR realized his health problems were becoming more serious. -Roosevelt won 53% of the popular vote and a 432-99 victory in the electoral college. He would serve less than three months of his fourth term before dying in office.

Office of Censorship/Office of War Information, 1941

Roosevelt wanted public opinion to be positive during the war, so he established the Office of Censorship. It examined all written documents, including the works of publishers and broadcasters, as well as letters going overseas, in order to maintain a positive public opinion in America.

Stimson Doctrine, 1932

Secretary of State _____ issued this policy that the United States would uphold the Nine Power Treaty (which had reaffirmed the Open Door policy) and furthermore would not grant diplomatic recognition to any government (such as Manchuria) that had been established by force.

Nye Committee, 1934

Senate committee that investigated U.S. entry into World War I and concluded that munitions makers and bankers had pressured Wilson to enter the war. Its findings were highly publicized and contributed to the strong isolationist sentiment during the 1930s-1941.

Five-Power Pact

Set limits for total naval tonnage and put a ten year moratorium on building large battleships. It also set a ratio of armaments for those signing this pact. For every 5 tons of American and British warships, Japan got 3 and France and Italy 1.75. These terms still gave Japan dominance in East Asia since it had only the Pacific to patrol in contrast to America and Britain which had both the Pacific and Atlantic.

Invasion of Sicily, 1943

Stalin pleaded for a second front in Russia, but Churchill objected and Roosevelt agreed to a plan to invade Sicily in the summer of 1943. — In roughly a month, Allied forces seized control of Sicily and invaded the mainland of Italy. Mussolini's government collapsed and he escaped to Germany. — Italian military leaders surrendered to the Allied forces on September 8, 1943. However, German troops invaded Italy and blocked any additional Allied offensive until May 1944.

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 1939

Stalin, who advocated a popular front against fascism, signed a pact with _____ Germany on August 1939 agreeing not to make war on each other and secretly divided up Poland (in a planned attack on Sept. 1) between the USSR and Germany. • In contrast to World War I, this freed Germany, at least momentarily, from the danger of a two-front war.

Unconditional Surrender

Term used by the Allied powers to describe what kind of surrender they wanted from Germany and Japan - one without negotiations

Pacific Theater/ Admiral Chester Nimitz/ General Douglas MacArthur, 1942-1945

The Allied plan combined two major offensives against the Japanese. -Nimitz commanded the naval offensive in the Pacific theater. His fleet moved west from Hawaii toward major Japanese islands in the central Pacific. -Douglas commanded the army offensive in the Pacific theater. His command moved north from Australia, through New Guinea, and then back to the Philippines. Ultimately, the two offensives were to come together to invade Japan, but the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan resulted in their surrender, so no invasion every happened.

Capture of the Philippines, 1942

The Japanese took the Philippines and this was the low point of the war for the United States.

Election of 1940: Franklin Roosevelt (D) v. Wendell Wilkie (R)

The Republicans nominated a charismatic, politically inexperienced businessman. _____ (D) broke the tradition of Presidents running no more than two terms for office. • Both parties agreed they would keep the country out of the war, but give the Allies substantial non military aid. • _____ (R) relied on the issue of the danger of a President running for a third term. _____ (D) won 55% of the popular vote to _____ 's (R) 45%. • Two things that contributed to his victory was the rebounding of the economy due to defense purchases and the fear of a possible war with an inexperienced President at the helm. _____ (D) advocated the nation's first peacetime draft and wanted an increase in military spending.

Battle of Midway, 1942

The interception and decoding of Japanese messages allowed U.S. forces to destroy four Japanese carriers and 300 planes. The battle (June 3-6) near the small island of Midway Island lasted four days. The United States suffered heavy losses, but it was a clear American victory.

D-Day, June 6, 1944

The long awaited invasion of Europe took place on June 6, 1944. In the first 24 hours, 150,000 Allied troops landed on the beach of Normandy. An additional million waded ashore in the following weeks, and the Allies reached inland in July, arriving in Paris by August. By summer's end British secured Belgium and the Americans had recovered France and Luxembourg.

Financing the War/ War Bonds, 1941-1945

The war is financed through an increase in the income tax and selling war bonds. Nearly $100 billion worth of bonds was sold and, for the first time, most Americans were required to pay an income tax.

Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937

These acts were passed in the wake of aggression by fascist powers. Congress, looking at the _____ issues they felt had pulled us into World War I, passed this series of acts designed to keep us from being dragged into the European war.

Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joesph Stalin

These three men were the leaders of the Allies during World War II.

Allied Powers 1938-1945

This alliance's original members were Great Britain and France. Russia joins the alliance in 1941 after the Nazi invasion and the United States joins in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor,

Axis Powers, 1935-1945

This alliance's original members were Italy and Germany in 1935. In 1940 Japan joined the alliance when it signed the Tripartite Pact. During World War II, the _____ of Japan, Italy, and Germany fought the Allied powers (Britain, France, the Soviet Union, (1941), and the United States (1941).

Munich Conference / appeasement / Neville Chamberlain, 1938

This conference was synonymous with the policy of _____ (policy of giving in to hostile demands to keep the peace). British Prime Minister, _____ and the French president, Edouard Daladier, gave in to Hitler's demands on the Sudetenland territory, accepting Hitler's word that this would be his last territorial demand. • _____ announced that the agreement guaranteed "peace in our time." In about six months time, Hitler broke the agreement by first demanding and then invading the rest of Czechoslovakia.

World Disarmament Conference, 1932

This effort to bring major reductions in arms and a 30% reduction in land and naval forces ended in failure.

Anti-Inflation Act/ Office of Price Administration (OPA), 1942

This gave the administration the power to freeze agricultural prices, wages, salaries, and rents, and set up rationing and the OPA enforced the act. Due to the OPA's effectiveness, inflation was never the serious problem it had been in World War I.

Adolph Hitler / National Socialist (Nazi) Party, 1920s-1945

This party was the German counterpart of Italy's Fascist party. The _____ Party originated in the 1920s and gained popular support in the economic chaos after the war and the national resentment over the Treaty of Versailles. • The _____ Party proclaimed "Aryans" (Germans) the master race and made Jews the scapegoats for all the problems of German society. • With his personal army of "brown shirts," this man, _____, gained control of the German legislature in 1933.

Dawes Plan, 1924

This plan attempted to solve the reparation issue by setting up a plan where American banks loaned Germany money to make the reparation payments and, in turn, Britain and France agreed to reduce the amount of the reparations they were owned. • The plan doesn't solve the problem because the American banks and the large loans they were making to Germany (and Britain and France) were still the source of the flow of international payments.

"Double V" Slogan, 1941-1945

This was a slogan civil rights leaders encouraged African-Americans to support - "V" for victory over fascism aboard and "V" for victory over racism at home.

U.S. and Japanese Negotiations, Summer-Fall 1941

This was an attempt to resolve the U.S. embargo on oil - both sides realized if it did not end, the Dutch East Indies would be Japan's next target. The United States would not lift the embargo unless the Japanese agreed to withdraw from China and Japan refused to do this. Roosevelt's military advisors wanted to avoid war until U.S. military forces in Asia were stronger while Japan was committed to quick action before they used their limited oil supplies. Negotiations were still ongoing when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

Manhattan Project, 1942-1945

Top-secret project to develop the atomic bomb which was directed by the physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project employed over 100,000 people and spent $2 billion dollars.

Potsdam Conference, July-August, 1945

Truman, new British prime minister Clement Attlee, and Stalin met in Potsdam, Germany and agree to issue a warning to Japan to surrender unconditionally and to hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders.

Operation Torch/ North Africa Campaign, 1942

Undertaken in November 1942, it employed an Allied army of more than 100,000 troops. Led by General Eisenhower, the troops landed in Morocco and Algeria and pressed eastward to entrap the German forces being pushed by British forces in Libya. Surrounded, the Germans surrendered in May 1943. The manpower and supplies used in northern Africa had added to the postponement of the proposed 1943 May Allied invasion of France.

Women, 1941-1945

Women served in significant numbers during World War II, both as civilian support personnel and in the uniformed services in the Woman's Army Corps (WAC) and Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service in the Navy (WAVES). -Women pilots ferried planes from station to station, freeing men for combat pilot positions. Women moved into the civilian workforce, including heavy industry, replacing those men who had entered the military.

Japan Invasion of Manchuria, 1931

_____ invaded northern _____ in 1931 in part because Chiang Kai-Shek's nationalist government was trying to expand its power to _____ (officially this was part of China, but _____ controlled Manchuria's economy since 1905). The U.S. protested, but did not join with the League of Nations in imposing economic sanctions on China.

Benito Mussolini / Fascist (Facists) Party, 1922-1943

_____ was the leader of the _____ party (which attracted war veterans, nationalists, and those who feared Communism) in Italy. He and the _____ party came to power in the early 1920s. He was a dictator and the militaristic and nationalistic _____ moved quickly to kill any democracy in Italy. Along with Germany and Japan, Italy was an aggressor state in the 1930s. Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 and the League of Nations and United States objected, but did nothing to stop it and the country was conquered after a year of fighting.