Chapter 25 & 26

Insulin

pancreatic beta cells (effect is similar to leptin but weaker)

what are types of dietary fiber?

pectin and cellulose

what mineral is a key structural component of phospholipids and ATP?

phosophorus

the process called _______ is the addition of an inorganis phosphate group to an organis molecule

phosphorylation

the process called __________ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule

phosphorylation

which term refers to a carbohydrate molecule comprised of many glucose monomers?

polysaccharide

VLDL

produced by liver to transport lipids to adipose tissue for storage

Testosterone promotes what?

protein synthesis

our chief dietary source of nitrogen is the class of macromoleules called __________

proteins

anaerobic fermentation

pyruvic acid reduced to lactic acid

what are the components of ATP molecule?

ribose, adenine, phosphate

Cholecystokinin

satiety, from cells of duodenum and jejunum

Peptide YY

satiety, from enteroendocrine cells in ileum and colon, acts as ileal break (slows stomach emptying)

amylin

satiety, from pancreatic beta cells

Leptin

secreted by adipocytes in proportion to body fat stores

describe the electron transport chain

series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP

Glucose catabolism

series of small steps to efficiently transfer energy to ATP

neurotransmitters do what

stimulate desire for different foods (also known as adrenaline)

What are effects of insulin?

stimulates glucose oxidation, stimulates glycogenesis, inhibits gluconeogensis

which of the following are examples of carbohydrates?

sucrose, glucose, glycogen

what is a characteristic of vitamins?

they are necessary to metabolism

is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

transamination

LDL

when VLDLs released by fat cells, absorbed by cells in need of cholesterol for membrane repair or steroid synthesis

the process of glycolysis results in net gain of how many molecules of ATP?

2

How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose?

32 moles

which of the following are fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K, absorbed with dietary lipids, stored

What are water-soluble vitamins?

C,B, absorbed with water in small intestines, not stored

which vitamins are fat-soluble?

D, E, A, K

what are directly involved in the process of protein synthesis?

DNA, ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA

total metabolic rate is the sum of basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure for what?

Digestion, exercise, thermoregulation

Cholesterol is a precursor for what?

Estrogen, testosterone, vitamin D, bile acids

True or Fasle: water-soluble fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

False

What are short term appetite regulators?

Ghrelin, Peptide YY, Cholecystokinin, Amylin

the __________ is a cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into O2 NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP

Krebs or citric acid cycle

long term appetite regulators

Leptin, insulin

What are long term appetite regulation?

Neuropeptide Y, Leptin, Insulin

What vitamin promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization?

Vitamin D

What are examples of trace minerals?

Zinc, Copper, Iodine

for sever hours during and after a meal, you are in the ________ state

absorptive

what is amination?

addition of a Amidogen (NH2) to a molecule

what is metabolic rate

amount of energy released in body per unit time

A person's basel metabolic rate (BMR) is his or her metabolic rate during what kind of situations?

at a comfortable temp, relaxed, in a postabsorptive state

fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups during the process called ______ oxidation

beta

vitamins

body synthesizes some vitamins from precursors

Function of calcium and phosphorus

bones and teeth

Catabolism

breakdown of large substances into small ones, outside cells (digestion), inside (cellular respiration)

Anabolism

building larger molecules out of small ones, requires energy

Which mineral is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function?

calcium

Essential nutrients

cannot be synthesized, has to be in the food that we eat (minerals, vitamins, 8 amino acids and 1-3 fatty acids)

monosaccharides, disaccharidesm and polysaccharides are all forms of which type of nutrient?

carbohydrate

which nutrient class includes sugars and glycogen?

carbohydrates

Appetite is briefly satisfied by

chewing, swallowing, stomach fillling

What is a major structural component of plasma membranes, and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D?

cholesterol

Serum lipoproteins are categorized into 4 groups by density

chylomicrons, very low density (VLDLs), low density (LDLs), high density (HDLs)

aerobic respiration

competely oxidizes pytuvic acid to CO2 and H2O (yields 34-36 ATP)

Essential amino acids

complete proteins and incomplete proteins

chlorie

component of stomach acid

Macronutrients

consumed in large amounts ( water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids)

use of a fan or a breeze to cool the body is an example of which type of heat transfer?

convection

the temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is known as what?

core temperature

the removal of an amino group from an organic molecule id known as ________

deamination

carbohydrate metabolism

dietary carbohydrate burned as fuel within hours of absorption

Mineral salts

electrolytes, govern functions of nerve and muscle cells, regulate distribution of body water

Electron transport chain

enzymes on mitochondrial membranes (aerobic)

What is the kind of fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet?

essential fatty acids

Function of iron

essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin

what is beta oxidation?

fatty acid catabolism producing acetyl groups

chylomicrons

form in absorptive cells of small intestines

Carbohydrates serve as what?

fuel (neurons and RBCs depends on glucose)

what hormone promotes negative nitrogen balance?

glucocorticoids

the process called ____ is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohyrates such as fats and amino acids

gluconneogenesis

Glycolysis

glucose split into 2 pytuvic acid molecules (yields 2 ATP)

the synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose is called ________

glycogenesis

what individuals are likely to exhibit a state of positive nitrogen balance?

growing children, pregnant women, athletes in resistance training (building muscle)

protein synthesis is stimulated by what?

growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and insulin

What are examples of water-insoluble fiber?

hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

the glycemic index is an expression of what?

how a particular dietary carbohydrate affects blood glucose level

Ghrelin

hunger, from parietal cells of empty stomach, stimulates release of HGH releasing hormone

the ______ of the brain controls body temperature by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms

hypothalamus

Dietary proteins classified as _____ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids

incomplete

Nutrients

ingested chemical used for growth, repair or maintenance

Blood glucose is regulated by what?

insulin and glucagon

Citric acid cyle

is source of substances for synthesis of fats and nonessential amino acids

what happens to pyruvic acid in the presence of oxygen?

it enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration

what are examples of important proteins in the body?

keratin, hemoglobin, enzymes

one thousand calories is called a calorie in dietetics and a _________ in biochemistry

kilocalorie

anaerobic fermentation results in pyruvic acid being reduced to _________ acid

lactic

Which are disaccharides?

lactose, maltose, sucrose

insulin and ____ work are "adiposity signals", informing the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activating mechanisms for adding or reducing it

leptin

the term ____ refers to the synthesis of fats

lipogenesis

the specific term for the catabolism (breakdown) of fat for fuel is ____________

lipolysis

Lipids transported in blood as what?

lipoproteins

HDL

liver produces an empty protein shell, travels through blood, picks up cholesterol, delivers cholesterol to live, for elimination in bile

chylomicrons hydrolyzed to what?

monoglycerides

what are the three forms of dietary carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, polysaccharides, disaccharides

essential nutrients include what?

most vitamins, all mineral, * amino acids

Proteins function to do what?

movement of body, cells, cell structures cell membranes (receptors, cell identity, pumps) fibrous proteins (structural) globular proteins ( antibodies, myoglobin, enzymes) plasma proteins (blood osmolarity and viscosity)

Carobohydrates are found where in the body

muscles, liver glycogen, blood glucose

Micronutrients

needed in small amounts (used as Co-factors)

Catabolism involves what?

oxidation w/release of energy, manufacture of ATP, decomposition of ATP w/release of energy