chapter 25 The Industrial Revolution

How are capitalism and socialism different?

Some thinkers wanted society as a whole to own businesses. This way a few people would not grow wealthy at the expense of everyone else. Instead, all people would enjoy the benefits of increased production. This view—called socialism—grew out of a belief in progress and a concern for justice.

Section 1

The Beginnings of Industrialization

How did industrialization lead to imperialism?

The Europeans wanted to use these lands as sources of raw materials for their factories. European merchants saw the people on other continents as little more than markets for European goods. The European nations took control of the lands in many areas of the world outside of Europe. This practice is called imperialism.

What were three positive effects of industrialization?

The Industrial Revolution had many good effects. It created wealth. It created jobs for workers and over time helped many of them live better lives. It produced better diets, better housing, and better clothing at lower prices.

Karl Marx

Economic thinker who wrote about a radical form of socialism

communism

Form of socialism in which all production is owned by the people

Why was Britain the first country to industrialize?

Great Britain had all the resources needed for industrialization. These resources included coal, water, iron ore, rivers, harbors, and banks. Britain also had all the factors of production that the Industrial Revolution required. These factors of production included land, labor (workers), and capital (wealth).

Industrial Revolution

Great increase in machine production that began in England in the 18th century

How does capitalism work?

In a capitalist economy, people invest their money in businesses to make a profit. Smith and the others believed that society would benefit over time from this system. Supporters of laissez faire opposed laws to protect workers.

How did industrialization begin in the United States?

In the United States, industrialization began in the textile industry. In 1789, Samuel Slater, a British worker, brought the secret of Britain's textile machines to North America. Slater built a machine to spin thread.

What effects did the invention of the steam engine have?

The steam engine used fire to heat water and produce steam. The power of the steam drove the engine. Eventually steam- driven engines were used to run factories.

Factory

Building where goods are made

Which nations industrialized first, and why?

Industrial growth also spread from England to the European continent. Belgium was the first to industrialize. It was rich in iron and coal and had good waterways.

Section 2

Industrialization Case Study: Manchester

Section 3

Industrialization Spreads

socialism

Belief that businesses should be owned by society as a whole

How did both the government and workers themselves try to improve workers' lives?

Britain passed laws to limit how much work women and children could do. Groups in the United States pushed for similar laws.

corporation

Business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not responsible for its debts

Analysis: Primary Source 720, Chart 719, Visual (718/721) Other 720

CHART- The Chart shows the British Cotton Consumption in the 1800-1900. It shows the how the Cotton Consumption is increasing within time. I can infer that the Cotton Consumption was successful because the graph is increasing. Misc: The Misc shows the inventions in America. In 1831 Cyrus invented the wheat production. In 1837 Samuel Morse sent a electrical signal to a telegraph. In 1851 Singer improved the sewing machine. I 1876 Alexander Bell invented the telephone. VISUAL-the Visual shows a young boy who is working. This shows Child labor. In hundreds of age children were forced to work long hours, work with dangerous machines and work with harsh climate (hot temperature and dirty air). I can infer that million of years ago that children were forced to work because maybe their families were poor and they had to choice but to help out their families. VISUAL-The Visual shows a english farmer that is planting his fields in the 1700s. The farmer is using a seed drill. I can infer during the Industrial Revolution people were farming because to feed their families and support themselves

Urbanization

City building and the movement of people to cities

Factors of Production

Conditions needed to produce goods and services Land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services

capitalism

Economic system in which people invest money to make a profit

Essential Question

Why Work?

laissez faire

Economic theory that argues that governments should not interfere with business affairs

Enclosure

Large closed-in field for farming

utilitarianism

Belief that an idea is only as good as it is useful

Middle Class

A social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

AIM-What economic, social and political reforms occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

ANS-

Aim: What economic. social, and political reforms occurred due to industrialism

ANS- Economic increase in employment rate, new invention like machines meaning faster production of good. Social- people are leaving in crowded places causing them to get diseases were, children are now being exposed to child labor at a very young age and the population had an increase because industrialism. Political- Governments are not interfering in passing the law for stopping child labor.

AIM-How did the industrial revolution spread from England to other parts of the world?

ANS- The Industrialization spread from England to other parts of the world with the use of imperialism when one nation took over another. This caused the exploitation of resources and markets. Along with meetings such as the Exposition in London. Also the railroad systems that led to expansion.

Aim:Why did industrial revolution start in England and how did it spread?

Ans- England's geography caused the Industrial Revolution to occur. New England had rivers and streams that were used as a water power to run the machines in the factories. It became an advancement from the putting-out system. The put-out system was more of a domestic system. Also because England has three necessary factors including land, labor, and capitol (money).This domestic system was slower compared to what the industrial revolution brought about. This led to the spreading of industrialization because it led to growing overseas trade and economic prosperity.

ANALYSIS BIO 735, PR 735 BIO 736 PR 736 CHART 737

BIO 735- The biography is on a man named Adam Smith who lived from 1723-1790. Adam Smith was a strong believer of our own self-interest. Smith always argue that if individuals freely followed their own self interest the world would be an orderly and progressive place. After his death people found out that Smith had donated large sums of money to charities. This is important because this shows that Smith was a caring person who wanted to make the a better place for many people. BIO 736- The Bio is about Karl Marx. It talks Marx's lifetime. For example Karl Marx studied philosophy and joined the flood of radicals. CHART- The chart shows two side that is capitalism and socialism.Capitalism an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state but a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

What were major changes in living conditions and working conditions?

Living conditions were bad in crowded cities. Many people could not find good housing, schools, or police protection. Filth, garbage, and sickness were part of life in the slums. A person in a city could expect to live 17 years. In the countryside, a person could expect to live 38 years. Working conditions were also bad. The average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6 days a week. Many workers were killed or seriously injured in accidents.

Analysis- PR 730 Visual- 731 Map-730

MAP-The Map shows the Growth of Railroads in the United States. It shows the Railroad System in 1840. And it shows the railroad system in 1890. I can infer that the Railroad system in 1890 has more total track age. Primary Source: The Primary Source is about a excerpt from Lucy Larcom. The Misc is about the Industrialization in Japan. It talks about how the country turned into a industrial state. The text states that women felt satisfied when they were able to work. We can infer that Women will become more independent and not rely on men as much. They may for their rights Visual 731- The photograph is of Danish workers in a steel mill in 1885. The painting is by Peter Sevein Kroyer. in the photo to looks like the men are working with a hot material. But, the men are not wearing any protective gear. This shows that the men are not cared by their bosses and the working condition are horrible.

How was the textile industry changed by the new inventions?

New farm methods made farmers more productive. For example, Jethro Tull invented a seed drill that made planting more efficient. Farmers also practiced crop rotation. Crop rotation is the practice of planting a different crop in a different field each year.

union

Organized groups of workers that bargain with business owners to get better pay and working conditions

Analysis:Primary Source 724, Visual 723,727, Other 728

PRIMARY SOURCE- The Primary Source is about a women named Elizabeth Gaskell. She talks the conditions of the children labor. For example it says the factory smelt like fuel, it was dark and broken windows. I can infer that children, men and women were working at poor conditions and treated unfairly. VISUAL 723-The image is showing how people were coward in row house much like those in London. This shows how London was become urbanized. The population must have doubled and tripled during this time making the houses and tenants more and more crowed. VISUAL 727-The image shows the pollution in Manchester. We can see that the buildings are very close together. We can infer that the lack of space and pollution probably made the life span of people very low, due to the easy spreading of disease. Other-In the 1990s and the 2000s many corporations moved their business oversea to developing countries.Children worked for long hours under bad conditions.They are not protect by child labor laws.Multiple organization are working the end of Child labor..

Entrepreneur

Person who organizes, manages, and takes on the financial risk of a business enterprise

Adam Smith

Philosopher who defended laissez-faire economics

Crop rotation

Planting a different crop in a different field each year

Industrialization

Process of developing machine production of goods

Why is Manchester a good example of how industrialization changed cities?

Rapid growth made the city crowded and filthy. The factory owners risked their money and worked long hours to make their businesses grow. In return, they enjoyed huge profits and built huge houses. The workers also worked long hours, but had few benefits. Many of these workers were children, some only six years old.

Section 4

Reforming the Industrial World

Stock

Right of ownership in a company called a corporation

Name two major reform movements of the 1800s.

Women were active in many reform movements. As they fought for the end of slavery, many women began to fight for equal rights for women. The movement began in the United States in 1848. In 1888, women from around the world formed a group dedicated to this cause.

strike

strike Organized refusal to work