Chapter 26

Each kidneys has about ___ ___ filtering units

1 million

General uses for urethral catheters are

1. To provide a method of instilling a contrast medium into the ureter and kidney for retrograde pyelography radiographic studies 2. To provide immediate drainage of a ureter 3. To keep the ureter open to allow a stone to pass 4. To bypass a stone or tumor 5. To block the ureteral opening during radiographic studies 6. To identify a structure during open procedure

In adults, each ureter size

12 inches long and 5 mm in diameter

The catheters most commonly used are in the range of

16 to 18 Fr

The ureter is a ____ layered tubular structure

3

Dialysis normally lasts ____ hours and is performed ___ to ____ times a week

3 hours and 3 to 4 times a week

Most common stent sizes

5 to 12 in long and have a diameter of 1.5 to 6 mm

The seminal vesicles secrete approximately

60% of the semen

The medulla is composed of

8 to 12 large collecting areas

Before the sheath is inside the urethra, ________ is placed inside the sheath

A blunt, round tipped obturator

The epididymis is

A convoluted duct that secretes seminal fluid

A catheter is

A hollow tube made of flexible, synthetic material, such as Silicone or Teflon-coated rubber

The sheath is

A hollow tube that serves as a passageway for the instruments used during cystoscopy and resection

Seminal fluid is

A liquid substance that gives sperm mobility through the male reproductive tract

A ureteral stent is

A thin flexible tube that is threaded into the ureter temporarily for a defined period to help urine drain from the kidney to the bladder or an external collection system

A resectoscope is

A transurethral electrosurgical instrument used to remove small fragments of tissue

Surgical access to the organs of the retroperitoneal cavity is gained through the

Abdominal peritoneum, the flank, or the back

The Foley catheter is retained in the bladder by

An inflatable balloon at the end of the catheter

Clamps used on ureters

Atraumatic clamps such as babcock clamps

Norepinephrine and epinephrine in the adrenal glands are necessary for functioning of the

Autonomic nervous system

Stones rarely form in the

Bladder

The outer layer of the kidneys is called

Cortex

The bulbourethral glands are also called

Cowper glands

In cold environments, the ____ ____ retracts the testicles closer to the body.

Dartos muscle

Anuria means

Decreased or no urinary output

Catheters are measured by number, and as the number of the catheter decreases, the lumen diameter

Decreases

The kidneys are supported by

Dense fascia and fatty tissue

The organs in the retroperitoneal cavity are embedded in

Dense muscle, fascia, and fatty tissue

______ and other substances can be added to the blood during dialysis as needed

Electrolytes

The urethra communicates with the lower bladder to enable

Excretion of urine from the body

Calculi may be removed surgically or reduced with

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

The penis is suspended at pubic arch by

Fascia

The inner layer of the scrotum is composed of

Fascia and dartos muscle

The most common type of urinary catheter

Foley catheter

Blood tests for kidney function are

Glomerular filteration rate (GFR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measurement

Each nephron communicates directly with the vascular system through a capillary structure called the

Glomerulus

The adrenal glands secrete

Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and adrenal sex hormones

Two types of kidney dialysis are

Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

A notched area on the medial side of each kidney is called

Hilum

The lumen, or bore, of the catheter is measured

In French and sizes range from 7 to 26 Fr

The uretervascular junction is located

In the lower bladder

In the female, the meatus is located

In the midline of the labia near the clitoris

The kidneys are located

In the retroperitoneal cavity at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra

Clamps for kidney procedures

Kidney pedicle clamps

The inner layer of the kidneys is called

Medulla

The cortex contains portions of

Microscopic tubules that filter the blood

Urine is extracted from the bladder by the process of

Micturition

The bulbourethral glands secrete

Mucus, which contributes to the total volume of the semen

The crystalline structure of stones is jagged and sharp and can cause

Nearly unbearable pain and nausea in the patient

The filtering units of the kidneys are called

Nephrons

The adrenal glands are important in the production of

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Stones in the upper urinary tract can cause

Obstruction and anuria, kidney abscess, and sepsis

In the female, two small mucus secreting glands are located

On each side of the urethra just inside the meatus

The ureter has an outer ____ ____, middle ____ ____, and an inner _____ _____ _____

Outer fibrous layer, middle muscular layer, and an inner mucosal layer

The adrenal glands are

Paired organs that lie on the medial side of the upper kidney

The seminal vesicles are

Paired structures situated close to the ejaculatory duct at the proximal end

The bulbourethral glands are

Paired structures that lie just below the prostate on each side of the urethra

Most small stones

Pass through the urinary tract without treatment

The retroperitoneal cavity lies

Posterior (behind) to the peritoneal cavity

Kidneys stones are formed by the

Precipitation of specific salts from filtrate that becomes supersaturated

Renin is necessary for

Regulation of blood pressure

The renal pelvis of the kidney branches into sections called

Renal calyces

The ureter opens into the

Renal pelvis of the kidney

The collecting areas in the medulla layer of the kidneys are called

Renal pyramids

The juxtaggolmerular cells in the Bowman capsule release

Renin

Clamps used to occlude vessels and for blunt dissection

Right angle and Schnitz (tonsil) clamps

A ____ in the scrotum separates the two testicles

Septum

During dialysis, a ____ tube is implanted in the ____ ____ ____

Silastic tube is implanted in the suprapubic peritoneal space

Micturition is activated by

Sphincter muscles in the bladder neck

Two tissue columns of the penis, called the corpora cavernosa are composed of

Spongy vascular tissue necessary for functional erection of the penis

The cortex is covered with

Strong fibrous tissue

The connective tissues of the retroperitoneal cavity

Support the structures and protect them from injury

The prostate gland

Surrounds the urethra and secretes an alkaline fluid that contributes to seminal fluid

The urinary bladder lies behind the

Symphysis pubis in the pelvic cavity

Kidney dialysis is a procedure

That removes waste products from blood in patients with chronic and end stage renal disease

The capillary network of each nephron is contained within a space called

The Bowman capsule

The sphincter muscles in the bladder neck are controlled by

The autonomic nervous system

In the male, the prostatic urethra begins at the bladder neck and passes through

The center of the prostate gland, which surrounds the urethra distal to the bladder

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a test that assesses

The elimination of urea from the liver

The vas deferens joins

The epididymis with the ejaculatory duct

The ureter, renal artery, and vein emerge from

The hilum

The two common types of catheters are

The indwelling catheter (foley catheter) and the straight catheter (Robinson catheter)

The vas deferens passes through

The inguinal canal in the abdominal wall at the level of the internal ring

The primary organs for filtration of the blood are

The kidneys

Transurethral surgery provides direct visualization of and access to

The lower urinary tract (urethra, prostate gland, bladder, and ureters)

The urethral opening is called

The meatus

The vas deferens continues across the bladder and ureter, where it meets

The opening of the seminal vesicle and forms the ejaculatory duct

The wall of the bladder is composed of tissue layers:

The outer serosa, the muscular layer, the submucosa, and the inner mucosa

Which kidney sits lower

The right kidney

In the female, the urethra leaves the bladder at

The trigone and is embedded in the levator muscles of the pelvic floor

The testicles are enclosed within a fibrous membrane called

The tunica vaginalis

The third tissue column of the penis, called the corpus spongiosum encloses

The urethra

A rigid cystoscope is passed through

The urethral meatus for diagnostic or operative procedures

The internal structure of the testicle is composed of

Tightly coiled tubules and ducts that produce sperm

Each ureter enters the bladder at the

Ureterovascular junction

Kidneys stones can become lodged in the kidney itself or can migrate into the

Ureters

Genitourinary surgery includes

Urethra, bladder,ureters, and kidneys

In the male, the urethra exits the bladder and continues to the end of the penis, terminating at the

Urethral meatus

Micturition means

Urination

Clamps for renal arteries

Vascular clamps