Chapter 26: Truman and the Cold War (1945-1952)
Dennis et al. Vs. United States
1951 the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act.
Council of Economic Advisers
A board of three professional economists was established in 1946 to advise the president on economic policy.
Whittaker Chambers
A confessed Communist, who became a star witness for the Un-American Activities Committee in 1948.
Alger Hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury.
Fair Deal
A program for expanded economic opportunity and civil rights proposed by President Truman in 1949. Truman's policy agenda -- he raised the minimum wage from 65 to 75 cents an hour, expanded Social Security benefits to cover 10 million more people, and provided government funding for 100,000 low-income public housing units and for urban renewal.
Thomas Dewey
A successful governor of New York, was the Republican candidate for president in 1944, when he lost to Roosevelt, and in 1948, when he lost to Truman.
Sunbelt
A trend wherein people moved from the northern and eastern states to the south and southwest region from Virginia to California.
Cold War
Between late 1940s and 1991--intense rivalry between Communist empire of the Soviet Union and leading Western democracy the United States.
Iron Curtain
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill coined this term to refer to the "boundary" that divided Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe from Western European nations not under Soviet domination.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter.
Douglas MacArthur
Commanded Allied troops in the Pacific during World War II. He was forced to surrender the Philippines in 1941 and was thereafter obsessed with its recapture, which he accomplished in 1944. He later commanded the American occupation of Japan and United Nations troops in the Korean War.
House Un-American Activities Committee
Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During World War II it investigated pro-fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947-1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U.S. government and Hollywood film industry.
Soviet Union
Communist empire.
McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.
U.N. Police Action
Congress supported the use of U.S. troops in the Korean crisis but failed to declare war, accepting Truman's characterization of U.S. intervention as this term.
United Nations
Created to provide representation to all member nations.
West Germany
Federal Republic of Germany--A U.S. ally.
George Kennan
Foreign Service officer he was the key idea man behind the containment doctrine. His knowledge of Soviet history led him to conclude that the Soviets saw capitalist-communist conflict as inevitable. The only way to deal with that mentality, he concluded, was for the United States to contain communism by resisting Soviet aggression and expansion wherever it might occur.
Henry Wallace
Former vice-president under Roosevelt, he ran for president with the Progressive Party, a branch of the Democrats who opposed the Cold War and the policy of containment. He lost but became secretary of commerce under Truman.
East Germany
German Democratic Republic--Soviet Satellite.
Joseph Stalin
He was premier of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953. He was one of the Big Three in the Allied coalition with Churchill and Roosevelt during World War II.
Chiang Kai-shek
He was the leader of the noncommunist nationalist government in China in the 1940s. His government was corrupt and unpopular and was overthrown in 1949 by communist rebels led by Mao Tse-tung.
Winston Churchill
He was the prime minister of Britain from 1940 to 1945. He was one of the Big Three Allied leaders along with Roosevelt and Stalin. His eloquent statesmanship and steady leadership inspired the British people during the dark days of World War II.
Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) (1944)
In 1944, the federal government made unprecedented educational opportunities available to World War II veterans. It subsidized veterans so they could continue their formal education, learn new trades, or start new businesses. It also contained pension, hospitalization, and other benefits.
Joseph McCarthy
In the early 1950s, Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy conducted a witch-hunt of government employees that he charged with being communists or communist sympathizers. His unscrupulous tactics have been labeled "McCarthyism"--smearing someone's reputation by telling a "big lie" about them.
Korean War
In the war between North Korea and South Korea (1950-1953), the People's Republic of China fought on the side of North Korea and the United States and other nations fought on the side of South Korea under the auspices of the United Nations.
World Bank
Initial purpose was to fund rebuilding of a war-torn world. Soviets declined to participate because they viewed it as an instrument of capitalism.
Marshall Plan
Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.
Twenty-Second Amendment
It limited the number of terms that a president may serve to two. Was brought on by FDR's 4-term presidency.
Rosenberg Case
Klaus Fuchs, a British scientist, who had worked on the Manhattan Project, admitted giving A-bomb secrets to the Russians. An FBI investigation traced another spy ring to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. After a controversal trial in 1951, the Rosenbergs were found guilty of treason and executed for the crime in 1953.
38th Parallel
Korea was was divided at this spot into North Korea and South Korea.
Suburban Growth
Low interest rates on mortgages that were government-insured and tax duductible made the move from the city to the suburb affordable for almost any family. In a single generation the majority of middle-class Americans became suburbanites.
People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong's regime in Beijing.
Harry Truman
Missouri Senator was elected vice president in 1944. He succeeded to the presidency when Roosevelt died in 1945 and was involved in many key decisions ending World War II and in the early Cold War. It was his decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. He was elected president again in 1948 and decided to send troops to Korea in 1950.
Communist Satellites
Nations under the control of a great power.
Kim II Sung
North Korean Communist leader.
U.S.-Japanese Security Treaty
Peace treaty in which Japan agreed to surrender it's claims to Korea and islands in the Pacific.
Baby Boom
Post-World War II Americans idealized the family. After the war, marriage and birth rates rose precipitously and the divorce rate dropped between 1942 and 1950.
National Security Act (1947)
Provided for a centralized Department of Defense, creation of National Security Council (NSC) and created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
Chinese Civil War
Remewed war between Chiang's Nationalists and the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong.
Smith Act (1940)
Required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the U.S. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.
Inflation; Strikes
Rose by almost 25% in the first year and a half of peace; Workers and unions wanted wages to catch up after years of wage controls.
Arms Race
Scientists in the Soviet Union and the United States were engaged in an intense competition to develop superior weapons system.
J. Strom Thurmond
South Carolinian who was the presidential candidate of the States' Rights (Dixicrat) party in 1948.
Syngman Rhee
South Korean conservative nationalist leader.
Employment Act of 1946
Started because of the flood of available workers after WWII. Established the Council of Economic Advisors. declared that the government was committed to maintaining maximum employment.
Truman Doctrine
Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
The anti-union act outlawed the closed shop and secondary boycotts. It also authorized the president to seek injunctions to prevent strikes that posed a threat to national security.
Mao Zedong
The leader of the communist movement in China in the 1940s. His Red Army overthrew the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek in 1949 and established the People's Republic of China.
Taiwan
The only refuge for Chiang and the Nationalists was the island once under Japanese rule also called Formosa.
Progressive Party
The popular name of the "People's Party," formed in the 1890's as a coalition of Midwest farm groups, socialists, and labor organizations, such as the American Federation of Labor. It attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax.
NSC-68
This policy statement committed the United States to a military approach to the Cold War.
Containment Policy
Truman decided to adopted this which was meant to "contain" Soviet aggression.
Berlin Airlift
Truman ordered U.S. planes to fly in supplies to the people of West Berlin.
Committee in Civil Rights
Truman used his executive powers to establish this. He was the first modern president to use the powers of his office to challenge racial discrimination.
Dean Acheson
Undersecretary of state and an expert on Soviet affairs.
Dixiecrats
Were conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats.
