Chapter 27-28 Algae

Multicellular

(of an organism or part) having or consisting of many cells

What is oogamy? Which of the algal groups studied in this chapter are oogamous?

- Oogamy: A form of heterogamy in which the female gamete is significantly larger than the male gamete and is non-mobile. Sperm and egg will not be the same - oomycota, Centric bacilliariophyta, phaeophyta,

Describe the life cycle of Fucus (rockweed). Indicate which structures found in the life cycle are haploid, dikaryotic, and diploid. Also indicate where meiosis and fertilization occur in the life cycle. Is this life cycle zygotic, gametic, or sporic? Explain your answer.

- See picture - Everything is diploid except for the sperm and eggs which are haploid - Gametic because everything is diploid except for the gametes which are haploid

Bacillariophyta

- Unicellular and colonial -Important component of phytoplankton -Primary source of food for aquatic ad marine animals -lack flagella - cell walls - frustules - Carbohydrate storage = chrysolaminarin - Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a and c, fucoxanthin

Oomycota

-2 different flagella (one is shorter, whiplike and smooth and the other is longer, ornamented with hairs) -Heterotrophic -Cell wall composed of cellulose -Unicellular to highly branched, coenocytic, and filamentous -Most reproduce sexually and asexually -Sexual reproduction = oogamous -Example: water molds

Secondary endosymbiosis

-A phagocytic eukaryote takes in a photosynthetic eukaryote, develops into permanent symbiotic association -Lateral transfer -4 bounding membranes is evidence

Meristems

-Actively growing primarily undifferentiated cells at the tips of the stems and roots -Plant growth confined to these

Tetrasporophyte (2n)

-Apart of the Polysiphonia life cycle -Produces haploid tetraspores

Define bulk flow. Explain why complex multicellular organisms need specialized structures for bulk flow.

-Bulk flow: Molecules move through organisms at rates and distances beyond those possible by diffusion across concentration gradients -Why?

Plasmodesmata

-Intracellular stands of cytoplasm that extend to neighboring cells allowing the same type of cell communication -Also contain a tubule connecting endomembrane systems of neighboring cells

Chlorophyta

-Most aquatic, some terrestrial (snow, soil,tree) -symbiotic-lichens, sponges, coelenterates -unicellular to multicellular -photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids -carbohydrate storage=starch

Which class of green algae are most similar to the Bryophytes (the first lineage of land plants)? What characteristics are shared by Bryophytes and these plants?

-Most similar: Charaophyta -Characteristics shared: similar plant body and similar plant structure,

Cyanobacteria

-Nucleiod-single circular chromosome + non-histone proteins -No membrane-bound nucleus -Carb storage: glycogen -Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and phycobilins -Thylakoids -2 photosystems (II and I)

Carposporophyte (2n)

-Part of Polysiphonia life cycle -Multicellular -Attached to gametophyte (n), surrounded by haploid pericarp

Adhesion

-Pectins in plants -Cells stick together in multicellular organisms

Oogamous

-Produces female gametes (n) - Contain many female nuclei

Antheridium

-Produces male gametes (n) -Contains many male nuclei

Rhodophyta

-Sister to green plants -Most marine, tropical, and cool waters -Most filamentous and multicellular -Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, phycobilins, carotenoids -Carb reserve: floridean starch (in cytoplasm; more like glycogen than starch) -Cell wall: inner-rigid, cellulose; outer-1) mucilage (agar, carrageenan) 2) coralline algae (calcium carbonate in cell wall) -Asexual reproduction: monospores -Sexual reproduction: sporic meiosis

Glaucocystophyta

-Small group of single-celled algae found in ponds and lakes. - Chloroplasts retain more features from ancestors than any other algae. - Walls of peptidoglycan - Sister to red and green algea

Spirogyra

-Unbranched, filamentous -Uninucleated cells (haploid) - Asexual reproduction - cell division/ fragmentation -Sexual reproduction - conjugation (cytoplasmic bridge) -Helical chloroplasts

Chlorophyll a

-Used in oxygenic photosynthesis -Makes a plant green

Vascular tissue

Transport water and nutrients upward from the soil to leaves, where photosynthesis takes place. -Other ones transport sugars downward from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Pennate diatom

Has bilateral symmetry

Centric diatom

Has radial symmetry

Chrysolaminarin

is a storage polysaccharide typically found in photosynthetic heterokonts. It is used as a carbohydrate food reserve by phytoplankton such as Bacillariophyta (similar to the use of laminarin by brown algae)

Blade

leaf of a plant

Bulk flow

molecules move through organisms at rates and distances beyond those possible by diffusion across concentration gradients

Heterokont

stramenopiles (formally, Heterokonta or Stramenopiles) are a major line of eukaryotes currently containing more than 25,000 known species. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton

Oogonium

the female sex organ of certain algae and fungi, typically a rounded cell or sac containing one or more oospheres

Lateral transfer

the transmission of genes between individual cells

Phycobillins

Any group of red or blue photosynthetic pigments present in some algae

Phaeophyta

-marine, dominate rocky shores -low tide level to 60 meters -most conspicuous seaweeds of temperate, boreal, and polar waters -kelp, rockweed -unicellular to multicellular -Thallus (growth form) -simple, relatively undifferentiated vegetable body -carbohydrate storage=laminarin

Chara

-oogonia-egg nonmotile -antheridia-flagellated flagellated sperm -zygote only 2n cell

Chlorophyll c

A form of chlorophyll that occurs only in algae, specifically the diatoms, dinoflagellates and brown algae. Its role is to pass on the light excitation to chlorophyll a.

Isogamous

A form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size), differing in general only in allele expression in one or more mating-type regions. Because both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as "male" or "female."

Primary endosymbiosis

A phagocytic eukaryote takes in a prokaryote -Overtime develops into a permanent association, prokaryote becomes organelle of eukaryote

Explain secondary endosymbiosis and explain the evidence that indicates that chloroplasts in the Strameopiles originated from a red algal ancestor.

A phagocytic eukaryote that takes in a photosynthetic eukaryote, develops into permanent symbiotic association -lateral transfer -5 membranes -Stramenopiles engulf red algal cell - DNA sequence of comparing chloroplasts DNA

a) Draw a cladogram that shows how the following groups of photosynthetic organisms are related to each other: Glaucocystophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Chara, Land Plants. b) Which photosynthetic pigments do each of these organisms use for photosynthesis? c) Which carbohydrate storage product do red algae, green algae, and land plants use?

A) See picture B) Glaucocystophyta: Chlorophyll a, phycobilins, and carotenoids Rhodophyte: Chlorophyll a, phycobilins, and carotenoids Chlorophyta: Chlorophylls a and b; carotenoids Chara: Cholorphyll a and b and carotenoids Land plants: chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids C) Red algae: floridian starch Green algae: starch Land plants: starch

a) Draw a cladogram that shows how the following groups of Stramenopiles are related to each other: Phaeophyta, Bacilariophyta, Oomycota b) What is a heterokont? Which of these organisms are heterokonts? c) Which photosynthetic pigments do each of these organisms use for photosynthesis? d) Which carbohydrate storage product do each of these organisms use?

A) See picture B) Heterokont: Different flagella, Tinsel and whiplash - Tinsel is long and hairy - Whiplash is short and smooth - All of them are heterokonts c) Bacilariophyta >Chlorophyll a and c, fucoxanthin Phaeophyta >Chlorophyll a and c, fucoxanthin Oomycota >heterotrophic, so none D) Bacilariophyta >Chysolaminarin Phaeophyta >Laminarin

Fucoxanthin

An accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, giving them a brown or olive-green color.

Phytoplankton

Are microscopic organisms that live in the ocean. There are three main types: Cyanobacteria, also known as blue green algae; Chysophyta, a protist family that includes diatoms and golden brown algae; and Dinophyta, which are single celled organisms with two flagella.

Glycogen

Carbohydrate food reserve compound

Laminarin

Carbohydrate storage material

Compare and contrast the following pairs of organisms. a) Fucus and Oomycota b) Fucus and Chara c) Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta d) Rhodophyta and Chara

Fucus: -Airbladders -Holdfast -Oogonia and antheridia Oomycota: -Heterotrophic -Cell walls composed of cellulose -Unicellular to highly branched, coenocytic, and filamentous -Sexually (oogamous) and asexually (motile zoospores) -Oogonia and antheridia Phaeophyta: -Unicellular & multicellular -Plasmodesmata -Disc shaped chloroplasts -Laminarin (carb storage) Rhodophyta: -Sister to green plants -Filamentous or multicellular -Chlorophyll a, phycobilins, carotenoids -Floridean (carb storage) -Sexual (complex) and asexual (monospores) Chara: -Many chloroplasts per cell -Oogonia and antheridia

Gametic life cycle

In the whole cycle, gametes are usually the only haploid cells, and mitosis usually occurs only in the diploid phase

Zygotic life cycle

Only diploid cell is the zygote, the rest of the body cells are haploid

Describe a key difference between multicellular plants and animals.

Plants: -Cell wall -Photosynthesis -Cells cannot move -Plant growth confined to meristems -Site specific cell division -Hair, spines, poisons Animals: -Gastrula formation -Can form organs with moving parts -Can change behavior & move to better environment

Explain primary endosymbiosis and explain the evidence that indicates that plant chloroplasts arose from a cyanobacteria ancestor.

Primary endosymbiosis is the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote -chloroplasts have double membrane -circular chloroplast DNA (like circular Cyanobacteria chromosome) -DNA of chloroplasts genome most closely related to cyanobacteria -ribosomes in chloroplasts like those in cyanobacteria -thylakoid membranes, photosystems (2 and 1) -Glaucophytes-peptidoglycan cell wall in chloroplasts

Holdfast

What anchors an algae to the ground or bottom surface (like rock week)

Carotenoids

Yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including carotene, which give color to plant parts

Prokaryote

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Peptidogylcan

a polymer that is composed of polysaccharide and peptide chains and is found especially in bacterial cell walls

Stipe

a stalk or stem, especially the stem of a seaweed or fungus or the stalk of a fern frond

Endosymbiosis

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside another dissimilar organism

a) List and briefly explain the three general features shared by all complex multicellular organisms. b) Explain the difference between simple and complex multicellularity. c) Describe the phylogenetic distribution of complex multicellularity. Which groups of eukaryotes have evolved complex multicellularity?

a) Highly developed mechanisms to adhesion between cells, specialized structures for cell communication, and tissue and organ differentiation b) c)

Algin

any of various colloidal substances derived from marine brown algae and especially giant kelp

Conjugation

form of sexual reproduction in spirogyra

Chlorophyll b

found in green algae and land plants