Chapter 27
A client is placed on a low-sodium (500 mg/day) diet. Which client statement indicates that the nurse's nutrition teaching plan has been effective?
"I chose broiled chicken with a baked potato for dinner." The client's choice of a baked potato with broiled chicken indicates effective nutrition teaching because potatoes and chicken are relatively low in sodium. Ham, sardines, and bouillon are extremely high in sodium and shouldn't be included in a low-sodium diet.
A nurse is discussing with a nursing student how to accurately measure blood pressure. What statement by the student indicates an understanding of the education?
A cuff that is too small will give a false high blood pressure. Using a cuff that is too small will give a false high blood pressure measurement, while using a cuff that is too large results in a false low blood pressure measurement.
A client who is newly diagnosed with hypertension is going to be starting antihypertensive medicine. What is one of the main things the client and the client's spouse should watch for?
dizziness A common adverse effect of all antihypertensive drugs is postural hypotension, which can lead to falls. The client and the client's spouse should be alerted to this possibility and provided with some tips for managing dizziness.
A nurse is caring for a client who has hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The client's blood pressure this morning was 150/92 mm Hg. When the client asks the nurse what his or her blood pressure should be, what is the nurse's most appropriate response?
"Clients with diabetes should have a lower blood pressure goal. You should strive for 120/80 mm Hg." An individual with diabetes mellitus should strive for blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg or less. An individual without diabetes should strive for blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or less.
A nurse is educating a client about monitoring blood pressure readings at home. What will the nurse be sure to emphasize?
"Sit quietly for 5 minutes prior to taking blood pressure." Instructions for the client regarding measuring the blood pressure at home include the following: (1) Avoid smoking cigarettes or drinking caffeine for 30 minutes before measuring blood pressure. (2) Sit quietly for 5 minutes before the measurement. (3) Have the forearm supported at heart level, with both feet on the ground during the measurement of the blood pressure.
A nurse is teaching a client who is newly diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. What will the nurse specify about this client's target blood pressure?
130/80 or lower The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) specifies a lower goal pressure of 130/80 for people with diabetes mellitus.
According to the DASH diet, how many servings of vegetables should a person consume each day?
4-5 Four or five servings of vegetables are recommended in the DASH diet. The diet recommends two or fewer servings of lean meat, fish, and poultry; two or three servings of low-fat or fat-free dairy foods; and seven or eight servings of grains and grain products.
An older adult client visits the clinic for a blood pressure check. The client's hypertension is not well controlled, and a new blood pressure medicine is prescribed. What is important for the nurse to teach this client about blood pressure medicine?
A possible adverse effect of blood pressure medicine is dizziness when you stand.
The nurse is evaluating the types of medications prescribed for a client's hypertension. Which of the following medication classifications establishes an action on vasoconstrictive hormones in the blood stream?
ACE inhibitor
The nurse is administering metoprolol to a client. What type of medication should the nurse educate the client about?
Beta blocker Metoprolol is classified as a beta blocker. Beta blockers block beta adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system, causing vasodilation and decreased cardiac output and heart rate. Metoprolol is not classified as a diuretic, ACE inhibitor, or vasodilator.
A client has just received a diagnosis of hypertension after the completion of diagnostics. What can the client do to decrease the consequences of hypertension? Select all that apply.
Lose weight. Manage stress effectively. Obesity, inactivity, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and ineffective stress management are risk factors for hypertension.
The nurse is assessing a patient with severe hypertension. When performing a focused assessment of the eyes, what does the nurse understand may be observed related to the hypertension?
Papilledema Physical examination may reveal no abnormalities other than elevated blood pressure. Occasionally, retinal changes such as hemorrhages, exudates (fluid accumulation), arteriolar narrowing, and cotton-wool spots (small infarctions) occur. In severe hypertension, papilledema (swelling of the optic disc) may be seen.
The nurse is instructing a student on the proper technique for measuring blood pressure (BP). Which student action indicates a need for further teaching?
Positions the arm at waist level Positioning the arm above the heart level will give a falsely low reading. Placing the arm below the heart will falsely elevate the reading. All other options are correct steps in achieving an accurate blood pressure.
Nurses should implement measures to relieve emotional stress for clients with hypertension because the reduction of stress
decreases the production of neurotransmitters that constrict peripheral arterioles.
A client with a history of hypertension is receiving client education about structures that regulate arterial pressure. Which structure is a component of that process?
kidneys The autonomic nervous system, the kidneys, and various endocrine glands regulate arterial pressure.
A client who was recently diagnosed with prehypertension is to meet with a dietitian and return for a follow-up with the cardiologist in 6 months. What would this client's treatment likely include?
nonpharmacological interventions
Which client statement indicates a good understanding of the nutritional modifications needed to manage hypertension?
"Limiting my salt intake to 2 grams per day will improve my blood pressure." To lower blood pressure, a client should limit daily salt intake to 2 g or less. Alcohol intake is associated with a higher incidence of hypertension, poor compliance with treatment, and refractory hypertension. Moderate caffeine and fat intake don't significantly affect blood pressure
It is important for the nurse to encourage the client to rise slowly from a sitting or lying position because gradual changes in position
provide time for the heart to increase the rate of contraction to resupply oxygen to the brain. It is important for the nurse to encourage the client to rise slowly from a sitting or lying position because gradual changes in position provide time for the heart to increase its rate of contraction to resupply oxygen to the brain, not blood pressure or heart rate.
A client is taking 50 mg of oral spironolactone twice a day to assist with blood pressure control. While the nurse is performing the morning assessment, the client reports nausea, general muscle cramps, and weakness. The ECG strip shows a peaked, narrow T-wave, which is a change. What electrolyte imbalance does the nurse suspect?
Hyperkalemia Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone, can cause hyperkalemia, especially if given with an ACE inhibitor. Signs of hyperkalemia are nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and peaked narrow T-waves.
The nurse is caring for an elderly client with a diagnosis of hypertension, who is taking several antihypertensive medications. Which safety precaution is the nurse most likely to reinforce?
Changing positions slowly related to possible hypotension The elderly have impaired cardiovascular reflexes and thus are more sensitive to the extracellular volume depletion caused by diuretics and to the sympathetic inhibition caused by adrenergic antagonists. The nurse teaches clients to change positions slowly when moving from a lying or sitting position to a standing position. This will help prevent falls. Eating extra potassium is not a good idea if taking a potassium-sparing diuretic. The other choices are good teaching points, but not necessarily safety precautions.
The nurse is teaching a client about hypertension and the effects on the left ventricle. What diagnostic test will the nurse describe?
echocardiography Echocardiography will reveal an enlarged left ventricle. Fluorescein angiography reveals leaking retinal blood vessels, and a PET scan is used to reveal abnormalities in blood pressure. A CT scan reveals structural abnormalities.
The nurse and a dietitian are instructing the client on a low-sodium diet needed to lower the blood pressure. Which question is most important for the nurse to ask?
"How do you prepare your food?" Asking the client how food is prepared, gives the nurse and dietitian the ability to judge the sodium content. Typically, canned or prepared food and food from a restaurant will have elevated sodium levels. Sodium content in food prepared from fresh ingredients is usually minimal. Asking about whom the client eats with or the client's eating patterns are not as helpful in determining sodium content.
A client with high blood pressure is receiving an antihypertensive drug. When developing a client teaching plan to minimize orthostatic hypotension, which instruction should the nurse include?
"Flex your calf muscles, avoid alcohol, and change positions slowly." Measures that minimize orthostatic hypotension include flexing the calf muscles to boost blood return to the heart, avoiding alcohol and straining at stool, changing positions slowly, eating a high-protein snack at night, wearing elastic stockings, and holding onto a stationary object when rising. Although the client should rest between demanding activities and consume plenty of fluids and fiber (contained in fruits and vegetables) to maintain a balanced diet, these measures don't directly relieve orthostatic hypotension.
A 66-year-old client presents to the emergency department reporting severe headache and mild nausea for the past 6 hours. Upon assessment, the client's BP is 210/120 mm Hg. The client has a history of hypertension and takes 1.0 mg clonidine twice daily. Which question is most important for the nurse to ask the client next?
"Have you taken your prescribed clonidine today?" The nurse must ask whether the client has taken his prescribed clonidine. Clients need to be informed that rebound hypertension can occur if antihypertensive medications are suddenly stopped. Specifically, a side effect of clonidine is rebound or withdrawal hypertension. Although the other questions may be asked, it is most important to inquire whether the client has taken the prescribed hypertension medication given the client's severely elevated BP.
The nurse is caring for a client who has had 25 mg of oral hydrochlorothiazide added to the medication regimen for the treatment of hypertension. Which instruction should the nurse give the client?
"Increase the amount of fruits and vegetables you eat." Thiazide diuretics cause loss of sodium, potassium, and magnesium, so the client should be encouraged to eat fruits and vegetables that are high in potassium. Diuretics cause increased urination; the client should not take the medication before going to bed. Thiazide diuretics do not cause dry mouth or nasal congestion; both side effects are associated with alpha2-agonists. Postural hypotension may be potentiated by alcohol.
A patient is being treated for hypertensive emergency. When treating this patient, the priority goal is to lower the mean blood pressure (BP) by up to which percentage in the first hour?
25% The therapeutic goals are reduction of the mean BP by up to 25% within the first hour of treatment, a further reduction to a goal pressure of about 160/100 mm Hg over a period of 2 to 6 hours, and then a more gradual reduction in pressure to the target goal over a period of days.
An older adult client has newly diagnosed stage 2 hypertension. The health care provider has prescribed the client hydrochlorothiazide and enalapril. What will the nurse be sure to include in educating this client?
Change positions (lying or sitting to standing) slowly. Antihypertensive medications can cause hypotension, especially postural hypotension that may result in injury. The nurse teaches clients to change positions slowly when moving from a lying or sitting position to a standing position. Rebound hypertension occurs when antihypertensive medications are stopped abruptly. The nurse also counsels elderly clients to use supportive devices such as handrails and walkers to prevent falls that could result from dizziness. Eating salty foods could defeat the purpose of taking the antihypertensive medications.
A client comes to the emergency department complaining of visual changes and severe headache and denies past medical history. The nurse measures the client's blood pressure at 210/120 mm Hg. What question will the nurse ask to explore the hypertension situation?
Do you have hypertension in your family?" Asking the client about family history is a pertinent question to help relate the hypertension. Untreated hypertension is the most common cause of malignant hypertension (hypertensive emergency). Rarely, malignant hypertension results from eclampsia, ingestion of or exposure to drugs or toxic substances, and food and drug interactions (such as those that occur with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and aged cheeses).
The nurse is teaching a client who is experiencing dizziness to rise slowly from a sitting or lying position. What is the rationale for the teaching?
Gradual changes in position provide time for the heart to increase rate of contraction to resupply oxygen to the brain. It is important for the nurse to encourage the patient to rise slowly from a sitting or lying position because gradual changes in position provide time for the heart to increase its rate of contraction to resupply oxygen to the brain. Blood pressure and heart rate do not affect this process.
The nurse is performing an assessment on a patient to determine the effects of hypertension on the heart and blood vessels. What specific assessment data will assist in determining this complication? (Select all that apply.)
Heart rate Heart rhythm Character of apical and peripheral pulses
A client experiences orthostatic hypotension while receiving furosemide to treat hypertension. How will the nurse intervene?
Instruct the client to sit for several minutes before standing. To minimize the effects of orthostatic hypotension, the nurse should instruct the client to rise slowly, such as by sitting for several minutes before standing. Administering I.V. fluids would be inappropriate (unless the client were dehydrated) because doing so would counteract the effects of furosemide and could cause fluid imbalance. Administering a vasodilator, isosorbide, would further reduce the client's blood pressure, worsening orthostatic hypotension. Inserting an indwelling urinary catheter would make it easier to monitor urine output, but wouldn't minimize the effects of orthostatic hypotension.
A client is admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of hypertension emergency/crisis. The client's blood pressure (BP) is 200/130 mm Hg. The nurse is preparing to administer IV nitroprusside. Upon assessment, which finding requires immediate intervention by the nurse?
Numbness and weakness in the left arm Hypertensive emergencies are acute, life-threatening BP elevations that require prompt treatment in an intensive care setting because of the serious target organ damage that may occur. The finding of numbness and weakness in left arm may indicate the client is experiencing neurological symptoms associated with an ischemic stroke because of the severely elevated BP; immediate intervention is required. Urine output of 40 mL/h is within normal limits. The other findings are likely caused by the hypertension and require intervention, but they do not require action as urgently as the neurologic changes.
An older adult client has newly diagnosed stage 2 hypertension. The health care provider has prescribed Chlorothiazide and Benazepril. What will the nurse monitor this client for?
Postural hypotension and resulting injury Antihypertensive medication can cause hypotension, especially postural hypotension that may result in injury. Rebound hypertension occurs when antihypertensive medication is stopped abruptly. Sexual dysfunction may occur, especially with beta blockers, but other medications are available should this problem ensue. This is not immediately a priority concern. Antihypertensive medications do not usually cause postural hypertension.
A 35-year-old client has been diagnosed with hypertension. The client is a stock broker, smokes daily, and has diabetes. During a follow-up appointment, the client states that regular visits to the doctor just to check blood pressure (BP) are cumbersome and time consuming. As the nurse, which aspect of client teaching would you recommend?
Purchasing a self-monitoring BP cuff Because this client finds visiting the doctor time-consuming just for a BP reading, as the nurse, you can suggest the use of an automatic cuff at a local pharmacy, or purchasing a self-monitoring cuff. Discussing methods to reduce stress, advising smoking cessation, and achieving glycemic control would constitute client education in managing hypertension.
Which term is refers to hypertension in which blood pressure that is controlled with therapy becomes uncontrolled (abnormally high) when the therapy is discontinued?
Rebound Rebound hypertension may precipitate a hypertensive crisis. Essential or primary hypertension denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified source. Secondary hypertension denotes high blood pressure from an identified cause, such as renal disease.
A client is brought to the emergency department with reports of a bad headache and an increase in blood pressure. The blood pressure reading obtained by the nurse is 260/180 mm Hg. What is the therapeutic goal for reduction of the mean blood pressure?
Reduce the blood pressure by 20% to 25% within the first hour of treatment. A hypertensive emergency is a situation in which blood pressures are extremely elevated and must be lowered immediately (not necessarily to less than 140/90 mm Hg) to halt or prevent damage to the target organs (Chobanian et al., 2003; Rodriguez et al., 2010). Hypertensive emergencies are acute, life-threatening blood pressure elevations that require prompt treatment in an intensive care setting because of the serious target organ damage that may occur. The therapeutic goals are reduction of the mean blood pressure by 20% to 25% within the first hour of treatment, a further reduction to a goal pressure of about 160/100 mm Hg over a period of up to 6 hours, and then a more gradual reduction in pressure over a period of days.
Which finding indicates that hypertension is progressing to target organ damage?
Retinal blood vessel damage Symptoms suggesting that hypertension is progressing to the extent that target organ damage is occurring must be detected early so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. All body systems must be assessed to detect any evidence of vascular damage. An eye examination with an ophthalmoscope is important because retinal blood vessel damage indicates similar damage elsewhere in the vascular system. The client is questioned about blurred vision, spots in front of the eyes, and diminished visual acuity. The heart, nervous system, and kidneys are also carefully assessed. A BUN concentration of 12 mg/dL and urine output of 60 mL over 2 hours are normal findings. The presence of pneumonia does not indicate target organ damage.
A nurse providing education about hypertension to a community group is discussing the high risk for cardiovascular complications. What are risk factors for cardiovascular problems in clients with hypertension? Select all that apply.
Smoking Diabetes mellitus Physical inactivity Risk factors for cardiovascular problems in clients with hypertension include smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, impaired renal function, obesity, physical inactivity, age, and family history.
A client in a clinic setting has just been diagnosed with hypertension. When the client asks what the end goal is for treatment, what is the nurse's best response?
To prevent complications/death by achieving and maintaining a blood pressure of 140/90 or less The end goal of hypertension treatment is to prevent complications and death by achieving and maintaining arterial blood pressure at 140/90 or lower for most people. To achieve this end goal, the client is taught to make the following lifestyle changes (these are not end goals; they are ways to reach the end goal listed above): (1) maintaining a normal body mass index (about 24; greater than 25 is considered overweight); maintaining a waist circumference of less than 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women; limiting alcohol intake to no more than 2 drinks for men and 1 drink for women per day; engaging in aerobic activity at least 30 minutes per day most days of the week.
The nurse is administering medications on a medical-surgical unit. A client is ordered to receive 40 mg oral nadolol for the treatment of hypertension. Before administering the medication, the nurse should
check the client's heart rate. Nadolol is a beta-blocker. A desired effect of this medication is to reduce the pulse rate in clients with tachycardia and elevated blood pressure (BP). The nurse should check the client's heart rate (HR) before administering nadolol to ensure that the pulse is not less than 60 beats per minute. The other interventions are not indicated before administering a beta-blocker medication.
Which statements are true when the nurse is measuring blood pressure (BP)? Select all that apply.
Using a BP cuff that is too small will give a higher BP measurement. The client's arm should be positioned at the level of the heart. The client should sit quietly while BP is being measured. These statements are all true when measuring a BP. When using a BP cuff that is too large, the reading will be lower than the actual BP. The client should avoid smoking cigarettes or drinking caffeine for 30 minutes before BP is measured.
The nurse is caring for a client with a blood pressure of 210/100 mm Hg in the emergency room. What is the most appropriate route of administration for antihypertensive agents?
continuous IV infusion The medications of choice in hypertensive emergencies are best managed through the continuous IV infusion of a short-acting titratable antihypertensive agent. The nurse avoids the sublingual and IM routes as their absorption and dynamics are unpredictable. The oral route would not have as quick an onset as a continuous IV infusion.
A client with newly diagnosed hypertension asks what to do to decrease the risk for related cardiovascular problems. Which risk factor is not modifiable by the client?
age
A diabetic client visits a walk-in clinic and asks the nurse to take a blood pressure (BP) reading. The measurements are 150/90 mm Hg. Which of the following would the nurse expect as the treatment to normalize the client's BP?
drug therapy The nurse would expect drug therapy to be recommended for the client. Smoking cessation, a low-fat diet, and daily exercise may be useful in the prehypertension stage. A client with diabetes should have BP levels below 139/80 mm Hg to avoid drug therapy.
When measuring blood pressure in each arm of a healthy adult, the nurse recognizes that the pressures
differ no more than 5 mm Hg between arms. Normally, in the absence of disease of the vasculature, arm pressures differ by no more than 5 mm Hg. The pressures in each arm do not have to be equal to be considered normal. Pressures that vary more than 10 mm Hg between arms are an abnormal finding. The left arm pressure is not anticipated to be higher than the right as a normal anatomical variant.
What risk factors would cause the nurse to become concerned that the client may have atherosclerotic heart disease? Select all that apply.
hypertension diabetes obesity family history of early cardiovascular events Risk factors for atherosclerotic heart disease include hypertension, dyslipidemia (including high total, low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and triglyceride levels as well as low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] levels), obesity, diabetes, a family history of early cardiovascular events, metabolic syndrome, a sedentary lifestyle, and obstructive sleep apnea.
It is appropriate for the nurse to recommend smoking cessation for clients with hypertension because nicotine
increases the heart rate, constricts arterioles, and reduces the heart's ability to eject blood. The nurse recommends smoking cessation for clients with hypertension because nicotine raises the heart rate, constricts arterioles, and reduces the heart's ability to eject blood. Reduced oral fluids decrease the circulating blood volume.
What lifestyle factors will the nurse discuss with the client who has a blood pressure of 130/88? Select all that apply.
physical activity dietary sodium weight reduction the DASH diet alcohol moderation The client's blood pressure classifies the client as having stage 1 hypertension. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and manage hypertension include weight reduction, adoption of the DASH diet, reduction of dietary sodium, physical activity, and moderation of alcohol consumption.
A patient is flying overseas for 1 week for business and packed antihypertensive medications in a suitcase. After arriving at the intended destination, the patient found that the luggage had been stolen. If the patient cannot take the medication, what condition becomes a concern?
rebound HTN Patients need to be informed that rebound hypertension can occur if antihypertensive medications are suddenly stopped. Thus, patients should be advised to have an adequate supply of medication, particularly when traveling and in case of emergencies such as natural disasters. If traveling by airplane, patients should pack the medication in their carry-on luggage.
A nurse is teaching a client with severe hypertension about the damage this condition can cause to the body. What system/organs will the nurse note are particularly targeted for damage due to severe hypertension?
sensory Prolonged elevated blood pressure eventually damages blood vessels throughout the body, particularly in target organs such as the heart, kidneys, brain, and eyes. The usual consequences of prolonged, uncontrolled hypertension are myocardial infarction, heart failure, renal failure, strokes, and impaired vision.
The nurse is seeing a client for the first time and has just checked the client's blood pressure. The nurse would consider the client prehypertensive if:
systolic BP is between 120 and 139 mm Hg. Once the systolic BP goes above 120 mm Hg, the patient is considered prehypertensive, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (2015) definition.
A client has been prescribed three medications for hypertension and the nurse measured a blood pressure of 180/80. Which question will the nurse ask the client first?
"Are you still taking the medication?" If blood pressure medication is stopped abruptly, the client is at risk for rebound hypertension. Since the client has had normal blood pressure measurements over the last 3 months, the first question that should be asked when the blood pressure is elevated is to find out if the client is still taking the medication. Physical inactivity, sodium, and stress can cause elevated blood pressure, however, based upon the client's history, asking about medications would be the first important question to ask the client.
A 77-year-old client presents to the local community center for a blood pressure (BP) screening; BP is recorded as 180/90 mm Hg. The client has a history of hypertension but currently is not taking the prescribed medications. Which question is most appropriate for the nurse to ask the client first?
"Can you tell me the reasons you aren't taking your medications?" It is important for the nurse to first ascertain why the client is not taking prescribed medications. Adherence to the therapeutic program may be more difficult for older adults. The medication regimen can be difficult to remember, and the expense can be a challenge. Monotherapy (treatment with a single agent), if appropriate, may simplify the medication regimen and make it less expensive. The other questions are appropriate, but the priority is to determine why the medication regimen is not being followed.
The nurse is instructing a client who is newly prescribed an antihypertensive medication. Which nursing instruction is emphasized to maintain client safety?
Sit on the edge of the chair and rise slowly. The nursing instruction emphasized to maintain client safety is to sit on the edge of the chair before rising slowly. By doing so, the client reduces the possibility of falls related to postural hypotension. Using a pillbox to store medications and taking the medication at the same time daily is good medication management instruction, but not necessarily related to safety. When taking antihypertensive medications, there is no reason to restrict driving.
Which describes a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated and there is evidence of actual or probable target organ damage?
hypertensive emergency A hypertensive emergency is a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated and there is evidence of actual or probable target organ damage. Hypertensive urgency is a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated but there is no evidence of actual or probable target organ damage. Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure from an identified cause, such as renal disease. Primary hypertension denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified source.
The nurse is caring for an older adult client who has come to the clinic for a yearly physical. When assessing the client, the nurse notes the blood pressure (BP) is 140/93. The nurse knows that in older clients what happens that may elevate the systolic BP?
loss of elasticity In older clients, systolic BP may be elevated because of loss of arterial elasticity (arteriosclerosis). Systolic BP would not become elevated by a decrease in blood volume, an increase in calcium intake, or a decrease in cardiac output.
Papilledema is a fairly common symptom of elevated blood pressure. The best way to detect this condition is through:
ophthalmic examination. Papilledema is an edema of the optic nerves, and thus needs an ophthalmic examination for detection.
The nurse is caring for a client who is prescribed medication for the treatment of hypertension. The nurse recognizes that which medication conserves potassium?
spironolactone Spironolactone is known as a potassium-sparing diuretic. Furosemide causes loss of potassium from the body. Chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone cause mild hypokalemia.
The nurse is teaching a client about chronic untreated hypertension. What complication will the nurse explain to the client?
stroke A stroke occurs if vessels in the brain rupture and bleed. If an aneurysm has developed in the aorta from chronic hypertension, it may burst and cause hemorrhage and shock. Peripheral edema, right-sided heart failure, and pulmonary insufficiency are not usually consequences of untreated chronic hypertension.
