chapter 27

1. environment 2. federal agency 3. resources

Environmental protection agency "EPA" The United States Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the Federal government of the United States which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment. The Environmental protection agency, as the name implies, is responsible for protecting our country's resources. Specifically, the federal agency that is responsible for protecting human health and the environment. Unfortunately the way it functions, or not, can depend on the person and/or political party charge at the time.

Miranda Case

Ernesto Miranda was arrested in 1963 and allegedly confessed to police during interrogations. Supreme Court barred illegally seized evidence in criminal cases, required warnings to arrested persons of the right to counsel. Including appointed counsel if cannot afford one. Emphasis of fairness in criminal proceedings in order to protect constitutional rights (5 and 6 Amendments)

Gideon vs Wainwright

Florida man who represented himself in court after being accused of breaking and entering with intent to commit a misdemeanor. Supreme Court required counsel for indigent criminal defendants; this requirement does not apply to civil cases. Emphasis of fairness in criminal proceedings in order to protect constitutional rights (6th Amendment), even state.

Women's liberation and the National Organization for Women

Fought for education and employment opportunities for women in the 1960s and 1970s; "liberation" or freedom. Adopted activist tactics of other civil rights movements to secure equal treatment for women, especial from Af- Ams. NOW wanted to pass the Equal rights amendment (ERA) but it failed to be ratified by states.

1. Gay 2. Lesbian 3. 1969

Gay and lesbian liberation movement Stonewall Inn in New York City, 1969, became the center of this liberation movement and PRIDE. Sexual "orientation" vs "preference". Marriage equality, job protection, adoption etc.

Latino Liberation Movement (Cesar Chavez and the UFW)

Hispanics were widely exploited and discriminated. Fought for their rights, including bilingual education. Dolores Huerta, Cesar Chavez's wife, also played a role in organizing farm workers in their fight for rights throughout the Southwest and California. Cesar Chavez: leader

Asian- American Movement

Organization that called for unity to obtain political and social changes, including bilingual education and studies. Anti- imperialist elements; Vietnam, de-colonization. Ethnic studies programs at college level.

Equal rights Amendment "ERA"

Proposed constitutional amendment that has not been ratified by states. Designed to guarantee equal rights for all citizens regardless of gender. Divorce, property, employment

"The Feminine Mystique"

Published in 1963. Described the frustration of middle-class American women who were truly unhappy with their lives. Personal fulfillment outside of traditional gender roles. Betty Friedan- feminist, founder and president of NOW.

Political Identity Movements

Taking political positions based on the interests and perspective of social group which one identifies. There is a nexus between individual and society: sex/gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation. Identity politics is a phenomenon that arose first within the radical margins of liberal democratic societies in which human rights are recognized, and the term is not usually used to refer to dissident movements within single-party or authoritarian states.

Environmentalist movement

a diverse scientific, social, and political movement for addressing environmental issues. The increasing pollution and destruction of the natural environment made many organize to protect habitats. Technological progress could have both intended and unintended consequences, including pollution. Oil spills and nuclear power plant accidents reinforced fears.

Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"

definition: Silent Spring is an environmental science book by Rachel Carson. Biologist and conservationist who is credited with starting the modern environmentalist movement. Her book, Silent Spring, discussed the lack of birds during the season because of environmental problems. Wanted to inform and advise the public about the use of pesticides and other chemicals that affected us. characteristics: book, biologist, published in 1962 Examples: EPA, resources Nonexamples: pollution, oil spill

Title IX

parts of the educational amendments of 1972. No discrimination on the basis of sex/gender in educational opportunities, including sports/athletics. Federal financial assistance could be lost.

Roe vs Wade

1973 case that legalized abortion and proved to be one of the most controversial judicial opinions of modern times. Test of viability so restrictions can and do exist.

Bakke decision and Affirmative Action

1978 case that said medical schools can consider race as a factor when admitting students. Specific racial quotas or point system are not permissible.

Richard Nixon (1968)

37th president of the USA. Former vp who would be elected in 1968. Represented a shift right, away from the liberalism that defined the 1960s (law and order).

Three mile island

Accident caused by a nuclear meltdown. Caused by mechanical and human errors resulted in the release of radioactive gases into the atmosphere. Located near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; health effects, luckily, were not serious but scared many. The Three Mile Island accident was caused by a nuclear meltdown that occurred on March 28, 1979, in reactor number 2 of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States.

Native American Movement ("Red power")

American Indian movement ("AIM") founded in 1968 to protect their rights and perpetuate their independence. Captured Alcatraz prison in SFO. "Red power" called for reclamation of lost lands; violence might be an option to regain civil rights.

Earth Day

April 22 marks the yearly celebration to honor our planet and habitats. The first one was celebrated in 1970 and involved over 20 million participants, mostly school children. Americans were becoming increasingly more concerned with pollution and the destruction of the natural environment. Worldwide, various events are held to demonstrate support for environmental protection.

Berry Goldwater (1964)

Arizona senator who was the republican nominee for the 1964 election. He lost the election. He sparked the conservative political movement in the 1960s. He was also Jewish.

Warren and Burger Supreme Courts

Between 1953-1969, the Supreme court was known for its liberalism under chief justice Earl Warren. The court decisions had profound impacts on the political system of the states, criminal justice system, and the definition of individual rights (shift from property to personal). Connections: John Marshall was the other great Chief Justice who engaged in significant judicial activism. Some of the main cases include: Miranda and Gideon, in addition to Brown v. Board of Education.