Chapter 28 Civil Rights
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)[[
A Boycott in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. The boycott of public buses by blacks in Montgomery began on the day of Rosa Parks' court hearing and lasted 381 days. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system.
Voting Rights Act (1965)
A law established to help obliterate barriers to African American suffrage. Hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered to vote and many African American officials were elected.
"Sit -Ins"
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.
Freedom Summer (1964)
Civil Rights groups created a ballot to increase blacks' votes in Mississippi. Increased # of votes.
Rosa Parks (1913-2005)
Civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger, spurring the Montgomery Bus boycott and other efforts to end segregation.
Martin Luther King Jr.=====
Civil rights leader that promoted the use of non-violence and civil disobedience.He opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
Freedom Riders (1961)
Groups of both white and black protesters took buses across the U.S.; if arrested, CORE would immediately pay bail. After the buses stopped, white mobs would attack protesters viciously (baseball bats, etc).
March on Washington
In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Leader of the SCLC
Sit-ins!
Nonviolent protests in which a person sits and refuses to leave.
Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, KS, 1954-
Supreme Court ruling reversing the policy of segregation from Plessy v Ferguson, declaring that seperate can never be equal and a year later ordered the integration of all public schools with all deliberate speed
Protest in Birmingham
This was a protest that showed dogs attacking young, African American protesters; police spraying protesters with water from fire station hoses; and included the arrest of Martin Luther King. Later, a church was bombed and four girls were killed.
John F Kennedy
a president that supported civil rights by sending federal troops to protect the Freedom Riders; began drafting the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but was assassinated before it was enacted
Dwight D Eisenhower
a president who enforced the Brown vs Board decision by sending federal troops to Little Rock to protect nine African American students to
Freedom Rides=
a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961
Rosa Parks
arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her bus seat
Twenty-fourth Amendment
banned States from taxing citizens to vote
Black Power
dependence of African Americans to solve their own problems
Little Rock Nine[
following the ruling of Brown vs Board, a group of nine African Americans enrolled in Little Rock Central High School; served as a symbol for school desegregation
March on Washington
march on nations capital for jobs and freedom
lunch counter sit-ins
protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
Freedom Riders--
rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the ruling of unsegregated public places
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)
An American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.
Greensboro Sit-Ins (1960)
An exponentially increasing crowd of black protesters sat at a white-only café to "increase awareness," and fight for their rights as citizens (first time = 4 ppl, after several sit-ins there were over 300 ppl). All student-lead / done. Movement spread across the U.S. (13 states). Police couldn't arrest the protesters because they were not harassing anyone / being aggressive.
March on Washington, 1963
August - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement. (putting pressure on the federal government to pass civil rights legislation)
March on Washington, 1963=====
August - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement. (putting pressure on the federal government to pass civil rights legislation)
Civil Rights Act of 1964-----
A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. This was passed in an effort to correct racial and gender discrimination.
"Little Rock Nine"
A group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas.
Freedom Riders
A group of young black and white people that rode buses that traveled south to Alabama. Their purpose was to protest the segregation of buses (public transportation). When they got to Alabama, they were met by people who were very angry; these people set a bus on fire!
Brown vs. Board of Education 1954
A landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
Voting Rights Act of 1965+
A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. Encouraged greater social equality and decreased the wealth and education gap
Voting Rights Act of 1965}
A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. Encouraged greater social equality and decreased the wealth and education gap
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963
A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism. Advocated nonviolence protest methods
Selma March$
A march (from Selma to Montgomery) that was attempted three times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed. Led by MLK. Resulted in Voting Rights Act.
Selma to Montgomery March (1965)
A march that lasted for 5 days and 54 miles from Selma to Montgomery (Alabama). Lead to policemen using tear gas and sticks to beat them up. The second time was more successful. Lead to the Voting Rights Act (banned ways for whites to make blacks unable to vote, such as literacy tests).
Selma March^
A march that was attempted three times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed. Led by MLK. Resulted in Voting Rights Act.
March on Washington (1963)
A march to the Lincoln monument in Washington D.C. to pressure Kennedy Administration into passing a bill abolishing segregation. At the end of the march, MLK Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
Greensboro Sit-ins
A series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960 which led to removing the policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States.
Civil Rights Act (1964)
Banned discrimination in public accommodations; prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program; outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, helped give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal
24th Amendment
January 23, 1964 - The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.
--24th Amendment
January 23, 1964. Outlawed Poll Taxes.
Civil Rights Act of 1964--
Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion or ethnic origin in hotels, restaurants, and all other places of employment doing business with the federal government or engaged in interstate commerce.
Sit-Ins)
Protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. The aim of this tactic was to shame restaurant managers into integrating their business. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
Rosa Parks=
Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.
Rosa Parks\
Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. After she was jailed, the Montgomery bus boycott was organized.
Civil Rights Movement
The national effort made by black people and their supporters in the 1950s and 1960s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights.
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas
This was the first high school to be integrated. 9 African Americans started going to the all white high school. The military was there to protect them.
Civil Rights Act of 1968
provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin and made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone ... by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin."
Brown vs Board of Education----------
ruled in 1954 that segregation was unconstitutional, overturned Plessey v Ferguson.
Voting Rights Act of 1965!
signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson (1908-73) on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels (such as literacy tests and poll taxes) that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote
Little Rock Nine[][]
students chosen to integrate Little Rock High School
Voting Rights Act of 1965*
suspended literacy test and used a federal examiner that would fine and imprison violators
Freedom Summer
trained to register voters or to teach summer school in the south
John F. Kennedy[]]
President during part of the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement. Assassinated November 22, 1963 in Dallas, TX.
Lyndon B Johnson[]
President from 1963-1968 signed the Civil Rights Act of 1965.
Malcolm X[]
Advocate of Black Power and black separatism. Believed in the use of "self-defense" rather than non violence.
Lyndon B Johnson
He was the president after Kennedy was assassinated and he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights act of 1965 and gave African Americans hope when using the phrase "we shall overcome".
March on Washington'''''
Held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. Over 200,000 people attended
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955]]
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Montgomery Bus Boycott////...
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. People did not to ride buses because they were segregated during transport. After losing a lot of money, the owners of the buses decided to integrate the buses. After 11 months, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Freedom Riders
In 1961, a group of 13 African-American and white civil rights activists launched the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation and to integrate facilities at bus terminals along the way into the Deep South.
Freedom Summer
In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
Freedom Summer=
In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
Selma Marches
In 1965, Dr. King went to Selma, Alabama to organize a march demanding the right to vote for African Americans. When demonstrators were attacked, LBJ responded by introducing a voting rights bill.
Little Rock Nine[]
Nine black teenagers who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 and became the focus of a national crisis that required the intervention of federal troops to resolve.
Martin Luther King
1929-1968. Pivotal leader of the American Civil Rights movement. Non-violent leader, became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott (this is when he first emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement), helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech.
Martin Luther King;;;;;
1929-1968. Pivotal leader of the American Civil Rights movement. Non-violent leader, became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech.
Malcolm X]]]]]
1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the '50s; became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were influential in the Black Power movement (separationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality)
Malcolm X
1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in by members of the Nation of Islam in 1965.
Malcolm X[[[[[[[
1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in by members of the Nation of Islam in 1965.
Brown v Board of Education-
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal, and ordered all public schools desegregated.
Little Rock "9"[]
1st group of black students who were able to attend an all white school because President Eisenhower used the military to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision.
Little Rock "9"
1st group of black students who were able to attend an all white school because President Eisenhower used the military to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision. U.S. troops sent to Little Rock, 1957 to protect the Little Nine black schoolchildren who decided to attend a previously all-white high school in Little Rock, Arkansas; because riots were expected and occurring, Eisenhower sent federal protection for these Little Nine. They remained in the school for the entirety of the school year.
Montgomery bus boycott
90% of African Americans stop using public bussing until it was desegregated
Civil Rights Act of 1964---
First proposed by JFK, and later enacted by Lyndon B Johnson, ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.
-"I Have a Dream" speech
Given at the March on Washington, and written by Martin Luther King Jr., this said that one day black and white boys and girls would hold hands as one.
lunch counter sit-ins[]
Greensboro, NC - protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.
Freedom Riders, 1961-
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation; leaders Jim Farmer and Jim Peck
Freedom Riders, 1961--
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation; leaders Jim Farmer and Jim Peck
Freedom Riders, 1961---
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation; leaders Jim Farmer and Jim Peck
Robert F Kennedy
He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.
Little Rock Nine (1957)
Nine black students attended Little Rock, Arkansas high school for a year to prove that school integration works. The nine students needed military protection from the white mobs. Certain people tried to delay the blacks' integration within the school system. 1958: Little Rock High schools were going to be integrated permanently yet some leaders in the system shut down all high schools in the area.
Rosa Parks%
The woman who was arrested for refusing to give up her seat in the front of the bus to a white man.
Voting Rights Act of 1965$
This act ended poll taxes, suspended literacy tests being used to prevent African Americans from voting. It led to a substantial increase in the number of African- American voters.
Civil Rights Act of 1957--
This act marked the first occasion since Reconstruction that the federal government undertook significant legislative action to protect civil rights. It included a number of important provisions for the protection of voting rights.
The Civil Rights Movement
Through nonviolent protest, the civil rights movement of the 1950's and 1960's broke the pattern of public facilities' being segregated by "race" in the South and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African Americans since the Reconstruction period.
What was the major goal of the civil rights movement?
To end segregation based on race. (Jim Crow laws were legalized segregation. Upheld as legal in the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896, Jim Crow laws would persist in the South up until the culmination of the black civil rights movement in the 1950s and 60's.)
Brown v. Board of Education
Topeka, KS, 1954 ~ Court prohibited racial segregation of public schools. Supreme Court ruling reversing the policy of segregation from Plessy v Ferguson, declaring that seperate can never be equal and a year later ordered the integration of all public schools with all deliberate speed (the basis of this decision was equal protection of the law). It declared that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th amendment.
Martin Luther King Jr]]]]]
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
Rosa Parks'''
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
Civil Rights Act of 1964
banned discrimination in public places
Malcolm X[][]
challenged the Black Muslim leader by revealing a huge scandal about the leader
Brown V. Board of Education
declared segregation in schools unconstitutional
March from Selma to Montgomery
march to focus attention on the voting rights of African Americans
sit-in%
peaceful protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Civil Rights Act of 1957
primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress in the United States since Reconstruction following the American Civil War. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was also Congress's show of support for the Supreme Court's Brown decisions.