Chapter 28: Seed plants

cotelydons

"seed leaf"; embryonic seed leaf

flower (angiosperms)

... may contain: - sepals - petals - stamens - carpels

sporophyte

A pine is a mature _____.

life cycle of angiosperms (1)

SPOROPHYTE GENERATION is dominant; gametophytes are: reduced in SIZE, nutritionally dependent on SPOROPHYTE generation

ovules, fruit

___ are enclosed within an ovary after fertilization, OVULES become SEEDS; OVARY develops into... (angiosperms, reproduction)

phylum pinophyta

conifers that produce: - wood - bark - needles - seeds in cones most are monoecious

phylum gnetophytes

consist of 3 genera - gnetum - ephedra - welwitschia (survives on fog) unique among gymnosperms, sharing traits with angiosperms: - vessel elements in their xylem - cone clusters resemble flower clusters - life cycle details resemble those of angiosperms

life cycle of angiosperms (2)

heterosporous; within flower, they produce MICROSPORES and MEGASPORES

phylum cycadophyta

look like palms or ferns diecious, but reproduce with pollen and seeds in conelike structures once numerous (during mesozoic era), now few members left

carpels

the "female" organ; produces gametes in floral plant

stamens

the "male" organ; produces gametes in floral plant

gymnosperms (distinguishing characteristics)

vascular plants with seeds - totally exposed or - on cones produce wind-borne pollen grains

sexually, fruits

(evolutionary adaptations of flowering plants) reproduce ____ by forming flowers; after double fertilization, seeds formed within ____

imperfect flower

If a plant is missing one or more characteristics of a flower (sepals, stamens, petals, carpels), then they are considered a(n)...

perfect flower

If all characteristics of a flower (sepals, stamens, petals, carpels) are within a plant, then they are considered a(n)...

microspores, air, megasporangium, pollen tube, archegonium, embryo

Male cones produce ____. [same as one before] develop into pollen grains. Pollen grains carried by ___ to female cones. One megaspore develops into a female gametophyte in a _____. After pollination, ____ ___ penetrates megasporangium. [same as before] reaches egg in the _____. After fertilization, zygote develops into ____. [life cycle of pine]

2

each pollen grain from microspores has _ sperm cells (life cycle of angiosperms)

life cycle of angiosperms (4)

egg cell and central cell with 2 polar nuclei participate in fertilization double fertilization resulting in formation of: - diploid zygote - triploid endosperm

8

embryo sac contains SEVEN cells with _ nuclei (life cycle of angiosperms)

seeds

embryonic development is further advanced contain an abundant food supply each has a protective ____ coat [(same as above) are reproductively superior to spores]

pollen grains

immature male gametophytes; life cycle of pine

life cycle of angiosperms (3)

microspores develop into pollen grain (EACH POLLEN HAS 2 SPERM CELLS); megaspores develop into an embryo sac; embryo sac contains 7 cells with 8 nuclei

pollen grain, embryo sac

microspores develop into... megaspores develop into... (life cycle of angiosperms)

core angiosperms

monocots, eudicots "dicots", and magnoliids

monocots

most have floral parts in multiples of 3; seeds that each contain one cotyledon; nutritive tissue in their mature seeds is endosperm ex) popcorn

eudicots (dicots)

most have floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5; seeds that each contain 2 cotyledons; nutritive organs in their mature seeds are the cotyledons

4 phyla of gymnosperms

phlyum pinophyta, phylum cycadophyta, phylum ginkgophyta, phylum gnetophyta

anthophyta

phylum ___ is divided into 2 clades: - basal angiosperms (primitive) - core angiosperms (advanced)

angiosperms

phylum anthopohyta/phylum magnoliophyta vascular plant that produces flowers and seeds enclosed within fruit the most diverse and successful group of plants

life cycle of pine

pine gametophytes are small and nutritionally dependent on sporophyte pine is HETEROSPOROUS and, in separate cones, produces: - microspores - megaspores male cones produce microspores; microspores develop into pollen grains; pollen grains carried by air to female cones; one megaspore develops into a female gametophyte in a megasporangium; after pollination, pollen tube penetrates megasporangium; pollen tube reaches egg in the archegonium; after fertilization, zygote develops into embryo

features of seeds

primary means of reproduction and dispersal for gymosperms and angiosperms; seeds are reproductively superior to spores

phylum ginkgophyta

sole member is Ginkgo biloba deciduous (shedding leaves annually) dioecious female ginkgo produces seeds directly on branches