Chapter 29: Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System
Muscarinic receptors are classified based
on research with a mushroom plant alkaloid Mostly located in the sweat glands
Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation results in what physiologic effect?
Increased GI motility as well as decreased GI secretions, decreased HR, and pupillary constriction Increased secretions of the lacrimal glands
Most of the free norepinephrine molecules are taken up by the nerve terminal that releases them in which process?
Reuptake
Adrenergic nerves use tyrosine from the diet to make which neurotransmitters?
Norepinephrine
A patient is experiencing a heart rate of 42 beats per minute. Which system contributes to bradycardia?
Parasympathetic nervous system
A client is experiencing sympathetic stimulation in response to a stressful event. Which substance will most affect the client's sodium and water retention?
Aldosterone
The nervous system is closely linked with both the immune system and the endocrine system. What neurotransmitter is used by the preganglionic cells?
Acetylcholine
Nicotinic receptors are found in which area?
Autonomic basal ganglia and within the adrenal medulla
The anatomy and physiology instructor is discussing adrenergic receptors with the nursing class. What adrenergic receptor would the instructor tell the students is found in the heart and can stimulate increased myocardial activity and increase heart rate?
Beta-1 receptors
Alpha-1 receptors are found in the:
Blood vessels, iris, urinary bladder
Which effect results from activation of beta-2 receptors?
Bronchodilation Vasodilation of the blood vessels
A preoperative client admits to feeling intensely anxious about surgery and the nurse recognizes that the client's sympathetic nervous system is stimulated. What assessment findings should the nurse attribute to this stimulation? Select all that apply.
Dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, increased respiratory rate, increased sweating
Which client condition is an outcome of the down-regulation of receptors?
Drug tolerance
The nurse is caring for a client with asthma who has been experiencing shortness of breath and who has been administered medication to cause bronchodilation. What aspect of autonomic nervous function has the nurse most likely influenced?
Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors
The nurse is conducting an assessment of a newly admitted client. What assessment finding should suggest to the nurse that the client's muscarinic cholinergic receptors are being stimulated?
The client has "pinpoint" pupils
The nurse is assessing a client. What assessment finding is the clearest indicator of autonomic function?
The client's RR are 22 breaths per minute the ANS functions to regulate respirations
Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors leads to
a rise in blood pressure d
Acetylcholine is involved in the
pre- and postganglionic activity of the PNS
The functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be broadly described as:
activities designed to maintain a constant internal environment, to respond to stress or emergencies, and to repair body tissues
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart causes
an increased rate and force of myocardial contraction
Dopamine activates what receptor subtypes
beta1, alpha1, and dopaminergic
Vasodilation occurs when drug stimulates
beta2-receptors
When there is stimulation of the SNS
blood is diverted away from the GI tract. What indicates this diversion? , Decreased bowel sounds
Stimulation of beta-receptors can cause
blood pressure to rise
Neurons communicate _________ through the synapses
chemically
Ganglia are located
close to or within the effector tissue
Hypothalamus is responsible for
secretion of ACTH
The nurse is caring for a client who is known to have deficient levels of dopamine because of a dietary lack of tyrosine. The nurse should expect to assess for evidence of:
decreased adrenergic response - dopamine is precursor to norepinephrine; low levels of dopamine could lead to a decreased adrenergic response
Alpha-2 receptor stimulation results in
inhibited release of norepinephrine
The skeletal muscles during the use of the incentive spirometer are stimulated by which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine acts on body cells that response to parasympathetic nervous stimulation, it interacts with nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
A client has had a stroke and computed tomography reveals infarcts in multiple brain regions. An infarct in which region is most likely to affect the function of the client's autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
A client has been prescribed a medication that antagonizes the beta receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. What assessment finding should the nurse attribute to the effects of this medication?
The client's blood pressure is decreased - blocking beta receptors causes a decrease in blood pressure
A client is experiencing anxiety and consequent stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. The nurse is aware that norepinephrine is being released into synapses. Overstimulation by this neurotransmitter will be prevented by what physiological processes? (Select all that apply.)
Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron Deactivation by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Deactivation by monoamine oxidase
Stimulation of nicotinic receptors causes
muscle contraction
Defining criterion to be a adrenergic nerve
nerve can produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
The nurse is caring for a client with asthma who has been administered albuterol in order to promote bronchodilation and relieve shortness of breath. When giving this medication
the nurse has affected the client's autonomic nervous system by: , stimulating beta2-receptors
A patient is admitted to the emergency room after a car accident. Based on the experience of the emergency room nurse
what system will affect a response to the emergency? , Autonomic nervous system
What does the body create using choline?
Acetylcholine
