Chapter 29: The Evolution of Seed Plants

b. sporophyte

1. All plant life cycles have generations that alternate between the gametophyte generation and the _______ generation. a. heteromorphic b. sporophyte c. vascular d. archegonium e. antheridium

c. three

10. A seed of a flowering plant or gymnosperm may contain tissues from _______ generation(s). a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

c. digest the sporophyte tissue as it elongates toward the female gametophyte.

11. The function of the pollen tube is to a. eject pollen from the microsporangium. b. direct pollen to the megasporangium. c. digest the sporophyte tissue as it elongates toward the female gametophyte. d. produce pollen. e. attract animals to the plant to spread the pollen.

d. Both b and c

12. One reason for the enormous evolutionary success of seed plants is their possession of a. complex leaves that can photosynthesize at a faster rate than non-seed-producing plants can. b. seeds with food reserves for the young sporophyte. c. seeds with a resting stage that can remain viable for many years, germinating when conditions are favorable for growth of the sporophyte. d. Both b and c e. All of the above

a. the megasporangium and the protective integument.

13. The ovule consists of a. the megasporangium and the protective integument. b. the megasporangium. c. the microsporangium and the protective integument. d. the microsporangium. e. None of the above

a. Plants that produce seeds

14. Which of the following groups of plants produces "wood" (extensively proliferated xylem)? a. Plants that produce seeds b. Only plants that do not have pollen c. All plants that depend on water for fertilization d. Only plants that produce haploid spores e. All plants with vascular systems

a. Anther

15. Which of the following is a structure found in the stamen? a. Anther b. Corolla c. Stigma d. Sepal e. Receptacle

c. stigma, style, and ovary.

16. The pistil consists of a. anthers, filaments, and stamen. b. ovary, archegonium, and embryo. c. stigma, style, and ovary. d. sepals and petals. e. embryo, endosperm, and cotyledons.

c. Anthocerophytes

17. Which of the following groups is not classified as a gymnosperm? a. Cycads b. Conifers c. Anthocerophytes d. Gnetophytes e. Ginkgos

a. Ginkgos

18. Which group of gymnosperms includes a species that has male and female trees in which the sex is determined by sex chromosomes? a. Ginkgos b. Gnetophytes c. Conifers d. Cycads e. There are no groups of gymnosperms with that characteristic.

a. Cycads

19. The palmlike plants of the tropics; the earliest-diverging clade of gymnosperms a. Cycads b. Ginkgos c. Conifers d. Gnetophytes e. Angiosperms

b. larger; smaller

2. A trend seen throughout the evolution of the land plants is for the sporophyte generation to become _______ and more independent of the gametophyte, and the gametophyte generation to become _______ and more dependent on the sporophyte. a. smaller; smaller b. larger; smaller c. smaller; larger d. larger; larger e. larger or smaller; larger

b. Ginkgos

20. Represented today by a single species; common during the Mesozoic era; plants have fan-shaped leaves a. Cycads b. Ginkgos c. Conifers d. Gnetophytes e. Angiosperms

d. Gnetophytes

21. Consists of three very different genera that share some characteristics with the angiosperms, including double fertilization a. Cycads b. Ginkgos c. Conifers d. Gnetophytes e. Angiosperms

c. Conifers

22. Seeds are in cones; plants have needlelike or scalelike leaves; includes plants such as pines and redwoods a. Cycads b. Ginkgos c. Conifers d. Gnetophytes e. Angiosperms

d. conifers.

23. The most abundant gymnosperms today are the cone-bearing plants, such as pines. These plants are classified as the a. cycads. b. ginkgos. c. gnetophytes. d. conifers. e. None of the above

b. Permian

24. Conifers and cycads began to flourish during which geologic time period? a. Precambrian b. Permian c. Devonian d. Ordovician e. Tertiary

d. wind

25. Coniferous gymnosperms such as pines depend primarily on _______ for pollination; thus, the plants produce large quantities of pollen that disperse over large areas during the spring. a. insects b. birds c. water d. wind e. mammals

b. Angiosperms

26. Which of the following groups is characterized by fruits, flowers, endosperms, and much reduced gametophytes? a. Cycads b. Angiosperms c. Conifers d. Gnetophytes e. Ginkgos

c. double fertilization.

27. In angiosperms, two male gametes contained within a single male gametophyte participate in fertilization. One sperm nucleus combines with the egg to produce a diploid zygote, and the other sperm nucleus combines with two other haploid nuclei of the female gametophyte. This process is called a. biparental inheritance. b. multiple paternity. c. double fertilization. d. dihybrid cross. e. single fertilization.

a. Angiosperms

28. Which of the following clades has the greatest number of species? a. Angiosperms b. Conifers c. Gnetophytes d. Ginkgos e. Cycadophytes

a. angiosperms.

29. In most regions of Earth today, land flora consists predominantly of a. angiosperms. b. gymnosperms. c. ferns. d. bryophytes. e. club mosses.

e. Both b and c

3. In some plants, the gametophyte is free-living and photosynthetic. Which group does not have a free-living gametophyte generation? a. Ferns b. Gymnosperms c. Angiosperms d. Both a and b e. Both b and c

c. the embryo and the endosperm.

30. In angiosperms, double fertilization results in the development of a. two embryos. b. two embryos, but only one survives. c. the embryo and the endosperm. d. the embryo and the seed coat. e. the embryo and the megagametophyte.

c. anther; stigma

31. In angiosperms, pollen is transferred from the _______ to the _______. a. anther; style b. filament; ovary c. anther; stigma d. filament; stigma e. anther; ovule

b. do not form flowers.

32. One difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms is that gymnosperms a. do not form seeds. b. do not form flowers. c. do not have tracheid cells. d. rely solely on wind for fertilization. e. None of the above

d. A reduced gametophyte generation

33. Which of the following characteristics is not unique (i.e., not a synapomorphy) to the angiosperms? a. The production of triploid endosperm b. The production of fruit c. Xylem that contains vessel elements and fibers d. A reduced gametophyte generation e. The production of flowers

e. All of the above

34. The angiosperms are sister to which gymnosperm group? a. Cycads b. Conifers c. Gnetophytes d. Ginkgos e. All of the above

d. Fusion of floral parts

35. Which one of the following is not characteristic of flowers of the most basal clades of angiosperms? a. Variable numbers of stamens b. Radial arrangement of floral parts c. Large number of floral parts d. Fusion of floral parts e. Presence of tepals

d. enclosed in the ovule.

36. The seeds in angiosperms are located a. on the upper surface of the sporophylls. b. on the lower surface of the sporophylls. c. buried within the sporophylls. d. enclosed in the ovule. e. None of the above

c. pistil.

37. A structure composed of one carpel or two or more fused carpels is called a(n) a. stamen. b. anther. c. pistil. d. receptacle. e. filament.

b. flower.

38. The reproductive organ of angiosperms is the a. sporangium. b. flower. c. cone. d. archegonium. e. sporophyte.

e. Both a and b

39. The corolla and the calyx often play roles in a. attracting animal pollinators to the flower. b. protecting the immature flower in a bud. c. photosynthesis. d. spore dispersion. e. Both a and b

d. Early gymnosperms

4. Which of the following seed plants have swimming (motile) sperm? a. Angiosperms b. Early angiosperms c. Early gymnosperms and a few early angiosperms d. Early gymnosperms e. None of the above

a. protect the ovules and seeds.

40. The angiosperm carpel serves to a. protect the ovules and seeds. b. attract pollinators. c. produce sugars via photosynthesis. d. prevent cross-pollination. e. Both a and d

e. dioecious.

41. Plant species in which individuals are exclusively male or exclusively female are a. eudicots. b. heterozygous. c. perfect. d. monoecious. e. dioecious.

c. imperfect; monoecious

42. Flowering species that produce megasporangia and microsporangia in separate flowers on the same plant have _______ flowers and are _______. a. perfect; monoecious b. perfect; dioecious c. imperfect; monoecious d. imperfect; dioecious e. imperfect; monoecious or dioecious

b. imperfect; dioecious

43. You are given two flowers of the same species from two separate plants. One flower has only a pistil, whereas the other has only stamens. Based on your observations, you conclude that the flowers are _______, and the species is _______. a. perfect; imperfect b. imperfect; dioecious c. monoecious; imperfect d. dioecious; monoecious e. None of the above

a. are often red and odorless.

44. Bird-pollinated flowers a. are often red and odorless. b. have characteristic odors. c. have conspicuous markings that are evident only in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. d. are always grouped in an inflorescence. e. None of the above

a. more than 150 million years.

45. Angiosperms and their animal pollinators have coevolved in the terrestrial environment for a. more than 150 million years. b. 1.3 million years. c. 130,000 years. d. nearly 13 million years. e. more than 500 million years.

e. b, c, and d

46. Which of the following is true of most plant-pollinator interactions? a. They are highly specific. b. They are not highly specific. c. Flowers may have markings or odors to attract certain pollinators. d. Pollinators include bees, birds, and bats. e. b, c, and d

b. Pollen grain reaches a sporophyte, production of a pollen tube, fertilization, division of diploid zygote

47. The following events in the angiosperm life cycle occur in which order? a. Division of diploid zygote, pollen grain reaches a sporophyte, fertilization, production of a pollen tube b. Pollen grain reaches a sporophyte, production of a pollen tube, fertilization, division of diploid zygote c. Pollen grain reaches a sporophyte, division of diploid zygote, production of a pollen tube, fertilization d. Production of a pollen tube, fertilization, division of diploid zygote, pollen grain reaches a sporophyte e. Fertilization, division of diploid zygote, production of a pollen tube, pollen grain reaches a sporophyte

b. embryonic axis and cotyledons.

48. The diploid zygote in angiosperms develops into the a. embryonic axis. b. embryonic axis and cotyledons. c. embryonic axis and endosperm. d. embryonic axis, cotyledons, and endosperm. e. embryonic axis, cotyledons, endosperm, and seed coat.

a. aggregate

49. A fruit that develops from several carpels of a single flower, such as a raspberry, is a(n) _______ fruit. a. aggregate b. simple c. multiple d. accessory e. perfect

c. Progymnosperms, gymnosperms, angiosperms

5. There has been a change in the dominant vegetation since plants first invaded the terrestrial environment about 400-500 million years ago. In what order were these vegetation types dominant, from earliest to most current? a. Gymnosperms, progymnosperms, angiosperms b. Angiosperms, progymnosperms, gymnosperms c. Progymnosperms, gymnosperms, angiosperms d Angiosperms, gymnosperms, progymnosperms e. Progymnosperms, angiosperms, gymnosperms

d. embryonic cotyledons.

50. The two major clades of angiosperms are called monocots and eudicots. These plants differ in the number of a. sperm involved in fertilization. b. sexes per plant; monocots have one sex per plant, and eudicots have both. c. sexes per plant; eudicots have male and female plants, and monocots have both sexes in one plant. d. embryonic cotyledons. e. tracheid types.

b. accessory fruits.

51. Strawberries, apples, and pears have parts in addition to the carpel and seeds and are thus considered to be a. aggregate fruits. b. accessory fruits. c. multiple fruits. d. drupes. e. simple fruits.

a. Morphology of the corolla

52. You discover a new plant and want to learn more about its biology. What features will let you infer which sort of pollination mechanism this plant uses? a. Morphology of the corolla b. Presence of vascular system c. Leaf morphology d. Number of cotyledons in the embryo e. Type of fruit (e.g., aggregate versus multiple)

e. All of the above

53. Plants contribute to ecosystem services. These include a. soil formation and fertility. b. defense against soil erosion by wind and water. c. moderation of local climates. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

c. Oryza sativa (rice)

54. More than half the world's population derives the bulk of its calories from which of the following plants? a. Triticum spp. (wheat) b. Solanum tuberosum (potato) c. Oryza sativa (rice) d. Zea mays (corn) e. Glycine max (soybean)

d. Taxol

55. Western medicine uses chemicals from plant sources in a variety of medical applications. Which of the following is an important anticancer drug that comes from extracts of the bark of Pacific yews? a. Atropine b. Bromelian c. Tubocurarine d. Taxol e. Menthol

a. Malaria

56. Quinine, the active ingredient from the bark of the Cinchona plant, is the standard remedy for which disease? a. Malaria b. Leukemia c. Lymphoma d. Syphilis e. Ovarian cancer

d. gymnosperms

6. Two hundred million years ago, dinosaurs were Earth's dominant animals, and _______ comprised the dominant vegetation. a. early whisk ferns b. horsetails and tree ferns c. lycopods and ferns d. gymnosperms e. angiosperms

c. microgametophyte.

7. From an evolutionary standpoint, pollen is a a. microsporophyll. b. megasporophyll. c. microgametophyte. d. megagametophyte. e. microspore.

a. heterosporous.

8. Seed plants are all a. heterosporous. b. dioecious. c. monoecious. d. eudicots. e. dependent on animals for fertilization.

d. Both a and b

9. Which of the following are synapomorphies for both gymnosperms and angiosperms? a. Seeds b. Heterospory c. Flowers d. Both a and b e. Both a and c