Chapter 3

88) The fluid substance of blood is called ________.

: plasma

86) ________ is the extracellular component of connective tissues.

:Ground substance / Matrix

85) The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called ________.

endothelium

12) An immunoliposome is a liposome that A) suppresses the immune system. B) stimulates the immune system. C) can recognize cancer cells. D) None of the answers are correct.

:

87) The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as ________.

: (extracellular) matrix

110) In a pancreatic cell producing digestive enzyme, you would expect to find an elaborate A) rough endoplasmic reticulum. B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

: A

100) Define, compare, and contrast each term listed and explain how the terms are related to each other: rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi body.

: All are structures involved in synthesis of biomolecules. All but ribosomes are membranous structures. Ribosomes may be free or attached to ER, making it rough.

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis) 157) The most common types of cancer in America include colon cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and prostate cancer. What do all of these cancers have in common and why are they so prevalent in our society?

: All of these structures have epithelial tissue that is reproducing at a rapid rate. Because they undergo mitosis so often if a failure of apoptosis occurs or if a mutation alters the DNA of one of the cells, the new copies of the existing cells will cause an increase in the cancerous cells at a much faster rate than in other tissues that divide at a much slower rate.

161) Nervous tissue consists of two general types of cells: nerve cells and glial cells. Glial cells are mitotic, whereas neural cells are not (excluding the small population of stem cells). Which type of cell is most likely to be involved in brain cancer, and why?

: Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division in mitotic cells. Therefore, glial cell cancers (gliomas) are the most common type of nervous system cancers, as they have the most mitotic activity.

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 152) Cancer is not one disease but a group of related diseases, caused by abnormal genes, environmental factors, and/or viral infections. Describe the basic common characteristics of cancers, including the role of anchoring junctions and proteases. What is a tumor? What is metastasis? Is cancer usually considered to be contagious? Explain.

: Cancer results when cells begin to divide and grow and do not respond to normal controls that would limit their growth. Anchoring junctions eventually fail to keep the cancer cells together, allowing them to spread to other organs where they continue to grow uncontrolled. Some cancer cells secrete proteases that improve their ability to spread or metastasize. A tumor is a lump of cancerous cells. Cancer is usually not contagious, being caused instead by genetic mutations in an individual or exposure to environmental factors by that individual; exceptions are cancers caused by viruses, which are believed to be the minority. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

93) ________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood.

: Endocrine

92) ________ secretions are discharged onto an epithelial surface.

: Exocrine

96) ________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates.

: Glycocalyx

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation) 155) A vaccine has recently been developed that can prevent infection by the human papillomavirus. This vaccine is available to young girls. What disease could this virus prevent? Why may some parents hesitate to have their daughters receive this vaccine?

: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes some types of cervical cancer. Because HPV is sexually transmitted, some parents may be reluctant to make it available to their young daughters, preferring instead that their daughters abstain from sexual activity until they are older and/or married.

94) ________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane.

: Integral / Transmembrane

: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 147) If a person who has not exercised regularly begins a consistent exercise routine, she will notice that her metabolism will seem to increase as her endurance improves. Why is this?

: Metabolism will increase with endurance because the number of mitochondria will increase with consistent exercise. The increase in mitochondria will improve endurance and increase metabolism of glucose because they will be metabolizing more glucose into ATP.

97) Explain the relationship between microtubules, cilia, flagella, centrioles, spindle fibers, and the centrosome.

: Microtubules are a cytoskeletal protein made of tubulin. Microtubules form a major component of the internal scaffolding of the cell. Microtubules can also be assembled into cilia and flagella, which are organelles that produce cell-generated movements, and into centrioles and spindle fibers. Centrioles produce the spindle fibers, which are responsible for changing the position of chromosomes during nuclear division. Centrioles are part of a larger structure known as the centrosome, which also includes a darkly staining material and acts as the cell's microtubule organizing center.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis) 145) Define and distinguish between necrosis and apoptosis, and give specific examples of each.

: Necrosis is cell death as a result of damage from toxins, physical trauma, or lack of oxygen; damaged cells release chemicals that may damage neighboring cells. An example is death of skin cells as a result of sunburn. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, which is an internally regulated process and does not involve neighboring cells unless they too are so programmed. An example is the loss of skin webbing between fingers and toes in a fetus. Section Title: Tissue Remodeling Learning Outcome: 3.6

91) ________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit electrical signals from one cell to another.

: Neural tissue / Nervous tissue

95) ________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids.

: Peripheral

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 99) Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton, and list its functions.

: The cytoskeleton consists of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules and forms a scaffold throughout the cytoplasm. An interesting feature is that some of the proteins are relatively fixed in position, whereas others can be rapidly assembled or disassembled as necessary. The functions include providing mechanical strength and shape, stabilizing position of organelles, intracellular transport system, functional linkage to other cells and to extracellular space, and cell-generated movements.

90) Structures composed of epithelial cells that produce secretions are called ________.

: glands

89) The study of tissue structure and function is called ________.

: histology

84) Cells are transformed into specialized units during ________.

differentiation

82) The nucleus is surrounded by a(n) ________.

nuclear envelope or double membrane

83) Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through ________.

nuclear pores

72) simplest cell-cell junction Match the type of cell junction with the best description.

s may be used once, more than once, or not at all A. gap junction B. tight junction C. anchoring junction

81) Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.

selectively permeable