Chapter 3

The period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood is called ________.

transitional adulthood

Which of the following traits is least likely to be linked to "nature" (heredity) and most likely linked to "nurture" (the social environment)?

vocational choice

The average person is exposed to __________ commercials a year.

200,000

The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________.

Charles Horton Cooley

According to Sigmund Freud, when the id gets out of hand, individuals follow their desires for pleasure and ________.

break society's norms

Our image of how others see us is called the ________.

self

In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex?

the id

What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in day care?

As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child.

The social scientist who criticized the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg and developed an alternative theory on the development of morality based on personal relationships was ________.

Carol Gilligan

Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing?

Cooley's looking-glass self

The case study of Jack and Oskar provides support for which of the following explanations of behavior?

Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene complement.

The symbolic interactionist who taught at the University of Chicago and stressed that play was crucial to the development of the concept of self was ________.

George Herbert Mead

The research in the early 1960s using rhesus monkeys to demonstrate the importance of intimate physical contact in the rearing of animals was conducted by ________.

Harry and Margaret Harlow

Mead describes the active, creative, and spontaneous part of the self as the ________.

I

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?

It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.

The sociologist who studied feral children, including the abused child Isabelle who was discovered in 1938 living in an attic with her deaf-mute mother, was ________. resocialization

Kingsley Davis

In developing his theory on moral development, when did Kohlberg claim most people reach the postconventional stage?

Most people do not reach this stage. Most people reach this stage after passing through puberty.

What conclusion did psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis make after observing the interactions of mothers and their children?

Mothers unconsciously rewarded their daughters for being dependent.

Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid explanation for human behavior?

Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.

What discovery did Skeels and Dye make when they administered intelligence tests to a sample of orphans cared for by trained professionals in a "good" orphanage and to a second sample of orphans raised by residents of an institution for mentally retarded women?

The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 58 points higher than those raised by trained professionals.

What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?

The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.

What is the proposed source of the six specific emotions that Paul Ekman identified as being present in all cultures?

They are a product of our genes.

Based on the research of Kohn and his associates, how would working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they have deviated from acting properly?

They would probably use physical punishment.

Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to cook for the fraternity brothers, clean the frat house, and address the fraternity members as "sir." This is an example of what Harold Garfinkel termed ________.

a degradation ceremony

Although formal education is intended to transmit knowledge and skills, it unintentionally teaches students that the same rules apply to everyone. This universality reflects what sociologists describe as ________.

a latent function

As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to conflict theorists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing lessons in patriotism and democracy. These lessons would be referred to by conflict theorists as ________.

a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools

People and groups that influence our orientation to life - our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors - are called ________.

agents of socialization

Frankie and Johnnie are both above-average students, but they feel that they learn much more about life, success, and relationships with others from other students outside of the classroom. In this sense, Frankie and Johnnie are relying on the ________ for their education.

corridor curriculum

What term is used to describe children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children, such as the "wild boy of Aveyron"?

feral

According to Piaget, when children are capable of abstract thinking, they have reached the level of development called the ________.

formal operational stage

The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.

gender socialization

What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of the public?

generalized others

George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages - the ________ stage, ________stage, and ________ stage.

imitation; play; team games

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?

intimate early social interaction

What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding?

intimate social contact

Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked by common interests, including friends, classmates, and the "kids in the neighborhood," are most appropriately referred to as ________.

peers

Tory is 5 years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead's theory, he is in the ________ stage.

play

Morris is 3 years old and is just beginning to talk. He can count to 10 but is not altogether sure what numbers actually mean. According to Piaget, Morris is in the ________ stage.

preoperational

The technique created by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious mind is referred to as ________.

psychoanalysis

Jean Piaget's use of the term "operational" is most aligned with the concept of ________.

reasoning skills

When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.

resocialization

According to Piaget, the stage of development that is dominated by touching, listening, looking, and the inability to recognize cause and effect is the ________ stage.

sensorimotor

According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as ________.

significant others

Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's ________.

significant others

A young woman is contemplating a particular behavior, in this case, dropping out of college. She is also considering an awareness of the self in relationship to others to avoid feelings of shame and embarrassment. This is referred to as her ________.

social mirror

What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"?

socialization

In psychoanalytic theory, the "culture within us" is represented by the ________.

superego

Frank is the son of a middle-class family. He took the family car without permission last night, returning home at 3 AM with the smell of alcohol on his breath. It is most likely, based on the research of Kohn, that the next day Frank's parents will ________.

suspend Frank's driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the dangers of drinking and driving

Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?

the ability to take the role of another

Video games have begun to portray women in changing gender roles, such as Lara Croft, the adventure-seeking archaeologist, and Xena, Warrior Princess. This change in roles may also serve as ________.

the creation of a new stereotype of women as symbolic males

What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?

the life course

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ________.

the social environment

John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot camp he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n) ________.

total institution