Chapter 3
Hair testing can
detect drug use for up to 90 days and is more capable of detecting occasional drug use than other methods.
Urine testing can
detect most kinds of drugs for up to three days, but it can also detect frequently used drugs for a couple of weeks after the last dose.
The United States is providing increased military aid in the form of helicopters, defensive weapons, uniforms, and other supplies to be used in combating drug trafficking only to countries that
do not engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights
What did the 1912 Sherley amendment in the United States outlaw?
false and fraudulent therapeutic claims on labels
In 1986, President Reagan first declared that random urine tests for drugs should be performed on all
federal employees in sensitive jobs
What does a new drug application consist of
full reports of investigations which have been made to show whether or not a drug is safe for use
The first groups of American students to be widely subjected to urine screening for drugs were those
involved in team sports
the greatest discrepancy between state and federal drug laws is in the realm of ________ regulation
marijuana
When a company submits an application to investigate a new drug in human clinical trials (IND) to the FDA, it is also required to submit all information from
preclinical investigations, including the effects of the drug on animals
The people enforcing the Harrison Act changed in 1919, and they believed that the cure for narcotic dependence was to
prevent users from having access
Until the 1920s, following the passage of the Harrison Act, most users of opioids continued to receive them legally through ____
private physicians or public clinics
According to the 1956 Narcotic Drug Control Act, anyone caught ______ could receive the death penalty.
selling heroin to a person younger than 18
What is otherwise known as "An Act to provide for the registration of, with collectors of internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or give away opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes?"
the Harrison Act of 1914
Although the basic categorization of illicit drugs in schedules is similar in most American states, ______
there are large differences in the penalties
The Navy, followed by the other armed forces, was the first to ______ on a large scale in the United States
use random urine screening
In 1929, Congress viewed the enormous expenditure for imprisoning drug offenders as an indicator that something was wrong with the current system and decided that
users should be cured rather than repeatedly jailed
What year did the Harrison "narcotics" act pass for regulating cocaine and opioids
1914
What did the Jones-Miller Act passed by Congress in 1922 do?
It more than doubled the maximum penalties for dealing in illegally imported drugs. It officially made the user of illegally obtained opioids and cocaine a criminal.
A critical change in the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was the requirement that
It must be tested for toxicity
Private corporations, which may require drug testing before hiring new employees and/or may periodically test employees, have important reasons for adopting drug tests, but the bottom line in all cases is
Money
What do you have to submit before marketing a new drug?
New drug application
When does a pharmaceutical company, desiring to introduce a new drug, supply to the FDA a "Notice of Claimed Investigational Exemption for a New Drug" (IND)?
When it is ready to study the effects of a compound on humans
In the 1960s, the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs faced widespread disregard of drug laws by large numbers of young people who
White, middle classed, and educated
The introduction of ______ by the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act has contributed greatly to a huge growth in prison populations over the past 20 years.
longer sentences, mandatory minimums, and no-parole provisions
Important changes to the regulation of drugs by the Food and Drug Administration occurred in 1938 and 1962, largely in response to
the Elixir Sulfanilamide poisonings and birth defects from thalidomide
Until 1912, the United States Food and Drug Administration tested products and pursued any that ______
were adulterated or didn't properly list any important ingredients.
The single most important legislation that has shaped the federal government's approach to controlled substances was the Blank______.
18th amendment prohibiting alcohol
What year was the pure food and drugs act passed
1906
The broadest impact on drug use in the United States during the late 19th century and early 20th century came from the widespread legal distribution of
Patent medicines
Early efforts to enforce the Harrison Act focused on
Smugglers
When 107 people in the United States died in 1937 from taking Elixir Sulfanilamide containing diethylene glycol that causes kidney poisoning, why was the federal government unable to intervene on the grounds that the mixture was toxic?
There was no legal requirement that medicine be safe.
What do an 1875 San Francisco ordinance and an 1890 federal act in the United States all have in common?
They all regulated the manufacture and use of opium.
From 1919 to 1929, the Narcotics Division in the United States charged users in possession of opioids and cocaine who could not produce a valid prescription with violating the Harrison Act; thus, for the first time
the use of opioids and cocaine was effectively criminalized
After the passage of the Jones-Miller Act by Congress in 1922, illegal opioids were so expensive that many users came to prefer the most potent type available, which was
Heroin
One of the major concerns of the U.S. Senate in the late 1950s was that some of the most widely sold over-the-counter medicines were probably Blank______, and there was no law against this.
Ineffective
In the early 1800s in the United States, physicians prescribed various forms of _________ liberally and with only limited concern about patients developing dependence.
Opium
These were readily available at local stores for self medication and were dispensed by traveling peddlers
Patent medicines
Which sedative and sleeping pill caused a disaster in the late 1950s that raised public awareness and congressional concern about ineffective medicines in the United States, causing major reforms to be implemented
Thalidomide
Which department administered the Harrison act of 1914
The treasury department
How were physicians, dentists, and veterinary surgeons affected by the Harrison Act of 1914
They had to register to be potential lawful distributors of opioids and cocaine
According to the 1956 Narcotic Drug Control Act, ______ had to result in a jail term, and no suspension, probation, or parole was allowed
any drug offense except first offense possession
Morphine-
narcotic and the primary active chemical in opium from which heroin is derived.
As of 2020, the legality of random, suspicionless urine testing for ______ has not been established at the federal level.
public school students
In the early 1900s, Dr. Hamilton Wright, the father of American narcotics laws, decided the United States could gain favored trading status with China by leading international efforts to
reduce opium importation
Which law was passed as a result of the poisoning of 107 people by Elixir Sulfanilamide?
1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Identify the important classes of drug laws.
A group of laws that regulates the practices of entities that manufacture or dispense legal drugs. A group of laws that has resulted in the criminalization of certain types of drug use, possession, and sales.
The 1965 Drug Abuse Control amendments referred to amphetamines, barbiturates, and hallucinogens as
Dangerous drugs
Who drafted the bill that later came to be known as the Harrison Act?
Dr. Hamilton Wright, the father of American narcotics laws
As part of international efforts aimed at reducing drug supply, the Blank______ has agents in more than 40 countries assisting the local authorities in eradicating drug crops, locating and destroying illicit laboratories, and interfering with the transportation of drugs out of those countries
Drug enforcement agency (DEA)
The 1988 amendment of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act brought back the death penalty for drug-related murders, and a further amendment in 1994 extended the death penalty to
Drug kingpins
T/F: One of the effects of the passing of the Orphan Drug Act is that most of the drugs used to treat rare diseases have become cheaper.
False
When the United States imported Chinese workers after the Civil War, mainly to help build the rapidly expanding railroads, what did some of them bring with them?
Habit of smoking opium
The 1850s in the United States saw the introduction of Blank______, which was a potent delivery system for morphine that led to increasing medical recognition of the negative aspects of "morphinism."
Hypodermic syringes
What changes were introduced by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
It based drug control on both public health and law enforcement perspectives. It did away with mandatory minimum penalties.
An international conference met in 1912 to discuss controls on the opium trade. Great Britain wanted Blank______ included as well, because these were replacing opium, which led to several countries agreeing to control international trade and domestic sale and use of these substances.
Morphine, heroin and cocaine
In the early 1800s, the most reliable and effective medicine of medical doctors, used for a variety of conditions but most notable as a pain reliever, was
Opium
One of the guiding forces for the______ was Dr. Harvey Wiley's findings on his careful study of the dairy industry and their foods
Pure food and drugs act
Which of the following acts provided the rootstock on which all the modern U.S. laws regulating pharmaceuticals have been grafted?
Pure food and drugs act
One of the precursors to the Pure Food and Drugs Act was the 1906 publication of Blank______, which exposed the horribly unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry and shocked Congress and America
The jungle
