Chapter 3: Cell Membranes and Structures Reading Assignment

The fine thread-like genetic material (the form of DNA) found within the nucleus of a non-dividing cell is called

Chromatin

Which of the following best defines chromatin?

Fine threads of DNA and protein

Which organelle adds carbohydrate groups to proteins produced at the endoplasmic reticulum?

Golgi complex

Which of the following molecules can readily diffuse through a cell membrane?

Hydrophobic molecules Lipid-soluble molecules Nonpolar molecules

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion? Multiple select question.

Increased cell surface area Increased concentration difference Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound

Which membrane-bound organelle contains a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles?

Lysosome

The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex are examples of what type of organelles?

Membranous

Which structure is perforated with pores to allow material to move in and out of the nucleus?

Nuclear envelope

What is the large centrally-located organelle visible with a light microscope called?

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes and oxygen used to oxidize organic material is the

Peroxisomes

In which process do receptors bind their ligand, cluster together into a pit, and then taken into the cell within a vesicle? Multiple choice question.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following is a form of vesicular transport in which receptors bind a ligand then cluster into pits that pinch off into vesicles?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Where are proteins, such as enzymes, that are to be secreted from the cells produced?

Ribosomes on ER

Which organelle manufactures lipids and steroids?

Smooth ER

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean? Multiple choice question.

Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot.

Cubodial

Squarish cells and approx. as tall as they are wide (liver cells)

Why is it critical that the extracellular fluid have the same total concentration of nonpermeating solutes as the intracellular fluid?

To avoid changes in cell volume or pressure

three types of protein structures that contribute to the cytoskeleton?

actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

The Na+-K+ pump is a good example of which type of transport?

active

Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?

activie

phosphlipids are ____ molecules that have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophillic head

amphipathic

Which group of glycoproteins found on the cell's surface allow the body to recognize the cell as one of its own?

cell identity marker

Water and electrolytes can cross a cell membrane through which of the following?

channels

Which cell extension uses a power stroke followed by a recovery stroke?

cillia

what is a cell that is equally as tall as wide

cuboidal

Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process?

diffusion

Oxygen passes into the bloodstream across the membranes in the lung by the process of

diffusion

discoidal

disc-shaped (red blood cells)

Passive mechanisms of membrane transport ______.

do not require ATP

Which form of vesicular transport uses motor proteins to bring fluid and solutes into the cell?

endocytosis

An extensive system of cytoplasmic tubules classified as rough or smooth is called the ______.

endoplasmic reticulum

Which membrane-bound organelle is the site of both protein and lipid synthesis?

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A pair of membranes enclosing the nucleus with pores allowing the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus is the nuclear .

envelope

In which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space?

exocytosis

The vesicular transport process of discharging material from a cell is called

exocytosis

What is the fluid located between cells called?

extracellular fluid

True or false: Facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses cellular energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.

f

True or false: The cytoskeleton is composed of calcium salts.

f

Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?

facillitaded diffusion

The greater or steeper the concentration gradient, the ______ rate of diffusion

faster

Smaller molecules diffuse ______ larger molecules.

faster than

In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called

filtration

extrcellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

Microvilli

folds of the cell membrane; may have actin core

Inclusions are

foreion matter or stored cell products

Most transmembrane proteins are ______.

glycoproteins

When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration

gradient

When the concentration of a substance gradually changes from one area to the next, we say it exhibits a concentration

gradient

polygonal

having irregularly angular shapes with four, five, or more sides

Down a gradient

high to low

The greater the concentration of a nonpermeating solute present in a solution, the ______ the osmotic pressure of that solution.

higher

Which pressure allows for the filtration of fluid from blood vessels into the extracellular fluid?

hydrostatic

The physical force generated by a liquid, such as blood or tissue fluid, is known as

hydrostatic pressure

A cell placed into which solution will lose water by osmosis?

hypertonic

A(n)______ solution has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage.

hypertonic

A(n)_______ solution has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage.

hypertonic

A(n)_____ solution has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells.

hypotonic

A(n)_______solution has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells.

hypotonic

Cells placed in a(n) ______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.

hypotonic

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

plasama membrane

its selectively permeable- controls ease in which substances pass due to size of molecule. has a phospholipid bilayer with proteins

fibrous

long, slender, and threadlike, as in skeletal muscle cells and the axons (nerve fibers) of nerve cells

Up a gradient

low to high

Extensions of the cell membrane that serve to increase surface area are called

microvilli

If a cell is too large

molecules cant diffuse from place to place fast enough to support its metabolism

The organelle which controls cellular activity is the .

nucleus

Which is an example of a membranous organelle?

nucleus

At tissue capillary beds, fluid leaves the capillaries by filtration while it moves back into the capillaries by which process?

osmosis

The movement of specifically water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane is called

osmosis

What is the diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called?

osmosis

Transport mechanisms like filtration, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are examples of which of the following forms of transport?

passive

which proteins do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to only one face of the membrane?

peripheral

three types of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

The majority of the plasma membrane can be described as a bilayer of_______with associated proteins

phosphlipid

the fluidy of the plasma membrane is caused by

phosphlipids

What drives filtration through a membrane?

physical pressure

channel proteins

proteins that provide passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophilic (water-soluble) substances such as polar and charged molecules (leak molecules, grated channels, ligand-gated channels)

The organelle characterized by flat sacs studded with ribosomes is the

rough endoplasmic reticulum

cytology

scitific study of cells

Which endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that synthesize steroid hormones?

smooth

Which of the following assures that the ECF concentration of sodium remains much higher than the ICF concentration?

sodium potasium pump

fusiform

spindle shaped,smooth muscle cells

stellate

star-shaped, radiating from the center (nerve cells)

columnar

taller then wide, linning cells of stoamch and intestines

Which of the following correctly defines tonicity?

the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell

Cytosol (intracellular fluid)

the fluid portion of cytoplasm, contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles

Cytoplasm

the portion of the cell outside the nucleus

squamous

thin, scaly, flat shape, line the esophagus and form the surface layer off the skin

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

to synthesize proteins

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the _____of the solution.

tonicity

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the of the ______ solution.

tonicity

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include

vesicular transport active transport

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ______.

vesicular transport active transport

Cilia

"hairs" with axomneme core, Move a substance along a cell surface, uses a power stroke followed by a recovery stroke

Flagellum

A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move. propulsion of a cell

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

The heart generates pressure that drives fluid out of the capillaries and into the spaces between cells. What is this process called?

Capillary filtration

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion?

Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound Increased concentration difference Increased cell surface area