Chapter 3 Cells
Which of the following solutions are isotonic for normal human red blood cells?
0.9% NaCl solution
The body of an average sized adult human contains approximately
100 trillion cells
The human somatic cells contain ___ chromosomes.
46
Unlike active processes, passive processes do not require
ATP
Which is true of transcription?
DNA is used to make mRNA during transcription.
During which phase of cell division labeled in the diagram is cytokinesis completed?
E
All cells in the human body contain a single centrally located nucleus.
False
Endocytosis results in the secretion of contents outside of a cell.
False
Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane carrier protein and cellular energy.
False
In passive transport, the net result is that solutes move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
False
Most proteins can easily move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
False
Passive transport requires the use of cellular energy (e.g. ATP) but active transport does not.
False
Peripheral proteins penetrate all the way through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
False
Reproductive cell division allows new cells to replace injured or dead body cells.
False
Ribosomes consist of three subunits of equal size.
False
The cytosol includes the organelles.
False
The main functions of rRNA occur in the nucleus.
False
The nucleus acts as barrier between a cell's internal and external environment.
False
Usually only one mutation is needed to convert a non-cancerous adenoma into a cancerous carcinoma.
False
A CGT base triplet within a gene on DNA is transcribed into mRNA as
GCA
The _____ is an organelle consisting of flattened sacs where proteins are modified and packaged into vesicles.
Golgi complex
Which of following organelles is primarily involved in the modification (e.g. glycosylation), sorting, and packaging of proteins?
Golgi complex
Which of the following statements are TRUE for the plasma membrane?
It is selectively permeable and contains glycoproteins and cholesterol.
A base triplet of AUG on mRNA would match the anticodon_____ on tRNA
TAC
Why is the nucleus so important in the life of a cell?
The nucleus contains genes which determine all cellular activities.
Which statement about cells is TRUE?
The shape of a cell is related to its function.
Cytosine is found in both DNA and RNA and it only hydrogen bonds with a complementary nitrogenous base called guanine.
True
During interphase, a cell replicates its DNA and does most of its growing.
True
Each organelle has its own unique set of enzymes.
True
Normal cells grown outside the body divide a certain number of times and then stop dividing, suggesting this is a normal, programmed event.
True
Osmotic pressure is the pressure that builds up inside a cell and resists net water movement across its membrane.
True
Protective ends of chromosomes called telomeres shorten with each cycle of cell division.
True
Protein synthesis begins with a DNA code in the nucleus. DNA is copied as an mRNA strand. The mRNA goes to the ribosome where tRNA brings in the appropriate amino acids. These amino acids bond to form a protein. The process continues until the stop codon is read.
True
Protein synthesis is the assembling of individual amino acids into long, complex molecules according to nucleotide sequences on mRNA.
True
The Golgi complex produces some of the components of lysosomes.
True
The first stage of mitosis is called prophase.
True
The nucleus can communicate with the cytosol via nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope.
True
The only type of cell in the human body that contains a flagellum is a sperm cell.
True
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable because it allows fat soluble substances to pass through without assistance but requires channels and carrier proteins to move charged particles from one side to the other.
True
The term cytoplasm refers to all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
True
Virtually all cervical cancers in women are caused by an oncogenic virus called human papillomavirus (HPV).
True
Which of the following is necessary for simple diffusion to take place?
a concentration gradient
Solute molecules can be transported from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration by_______-transport
active
Endocytosis is an example of
active transport
The characteristics of each individual protein are based on their sequence of
amino acids
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is permeable to all of the following substances EXCEPT
amino acids
Which phase of somatic cell division involves the splitting of centromeres followed by separating the two resultant members of each chromatid pair?
anaphase
An orderly, genetically programmed cell "death" involving activation of "cell-suicide" genes is called
apoptosis
The process by which worn-out cellular organelles are digested is called
autophagy
The basic chemical framework of the plasma membrane is the lipid
bilayer
The primary role that integral membrane proteins play in active transport is to
bind and transport solute molecules against the concentration gradient.
A disease characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation is called
cancer
A chemical agent or radiation that causes cancer is referred to as a(n)
carcinogen
The multistep process by which cancer develops is referred to as
carcinogenesis
Glycoproteins and glycolipids in the plasma membrane serve as
cell identity markers
The movement of solute molecules across a plasma membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration requires
cellular energy and integral proteins
An organelle located near the nucleus that consists of two cylindrical structures composed of clusters of microtubules is called the
centrosome
Which of the following does NOT describe the cytoplasm?
controls most cellular activities
The shrinkage that occurs when cells are placed into a hypertonic solution is called
crenation
During somatic cell division, the process in which the cytoplasm and its organelles are divided is referred to as
cytokinesis
Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments are all part of an intracellular network called the
cytoskeleton
The liquid portion of the cytoplasm is called the
cytosol
Jennifer loves perfume. She visits her local discount store regularly. Today she came to class wearing her latest purchase and soon everyone in the entire classroom was familiar with the scent. What concept important to transport processes is being demonstrated here?
diffusion
The nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear
envelope
Which of the following types of cells contain microvilli to increase the surface area of their plasma membrane for absorption?
epithelial cell of the small intestine
A normal red blood cell that is placed into a hypotonic solution will
gain water
The branch of medicine dealing with medical issues of aging is called
geriatrics
The study of the processes and problems associated with aging is called
gerontology
When solutes move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, they are moving down their concentration
gradient
In somatic cell division, the phase in which the DNA is replicated is called
interphase
The type of body fluid found in the microscopic spaces between cells of tissues is called
interstitial fluid
A solution containing the same concentration of water molecules and solutes as a red blood cell is considered to be a(n)_____solution
isotonic
The organelle that contains as many as 60 different digestive enzymes is called the
lysosome
Chromatid pairs line up in the center of a cell during the stage of mitosis called
metaphase
The spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body is referred to as
metastasis
Which of the following intracellular structures is considered to be part of the cytoskeleton?
microtubules
Cristae are a series of folds in the inner membrane of
mitochondria
The cellular organelle primarily responsible for transforming the chemical energy found in nutrients into ATP is the
mitochondria
Which of the following organelles are commonly referred to as the "powerhouses" of a cell?
mitochondria
The football-shaped assembly of microtubules that is used to move chromosomes to opposite poles of a dividing cell is called the
mitotic spindle
In a mature human body, which of the following types of cells do not divide?
nerve cells
Which of the following statements correctly describes the events that occur when a normal red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
net movement of water molecules into a cell
Chromatin is found in the
nucleus
The study of tumors is called
oncology
Water moves through a selectively permeable membrane using the process of
osmosis
Proteins loosely attached to the interior or exterior surface of the cell membrane are called ________________proteins.
peripheral
Certain white blood cells can destroy bacteria using the process of
phagocytosis
The plasma membrane consists of
phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis involve structural changes in the
plasma membrane
To initiate the transcription of a gene, RNA polymerase binds to a _____, which is usually found near the beginning of the gene.
promoter
All of the following are associated with mitochondria EXCEPT
proteasomes
Meiosis is also called_____________cell division
reproductive
Which of the following statements BEST describes essential characteristic(s) of active transport?
requires both a pump and cellular energy
Which of the following statements is always true for active transport processes and never true for passive transport processes?
requires energy in the form of ATP
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE with regard to the cytoplasm?
responsible for nuclear division during mitosis
The protein synthesis process called translation requires
ribosomes
The synthesis of plasma membrane proteins occurs in ribosomes attached to the outer surface of the
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following organelles in liver cells contains enzymes that help to detoxify drugs and potentially harmful substances in the blood?
smooth ER
Which of the following organelles is the site of synthesis of steroid hormones like estrogens and testosterone?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The type of cell division that produces two identical cells is called
somatic cell division
Meiosis is the type of cell division used during the formation of
sperm cells
When translation of a particular protein is complete, termination of protein synthesis is indicated by the presence of a(n)
stop codon
Which of the following statements are true of BOTH simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
substances move down their concentration gradient and no ATP is required
The major function of the ribosomes is to
synthesize proteins
Amino acids that participate in protein synthesis are picked up in the cytosol by
tRNA
The anticodon is located on the
tRNA
Specific DNA sequences at the tips of chromosomes that protect the chromosomes from erosion and sticking together are called
telomeres
The final stage of mitosis in which a nuclear envelope forms around the two new chromatin masses is called
telophase
The cytoplasm is a term that refers to
the cytosol plus cell organelles
Which of the following does NOT occur as a result of cellular aging?
the length and number of telomeres on the ends of DNA increases
The two major steps in synthesis of a protein based on the sequence of nucleotides in a gene are
transcription, translation
Which of the following is a protein that promotes the growth of new networks of blood vessels that support tumor growth?
tumor angiogenesis factor
All of the following are nucleotide bases commonly found in DNA molecules EXCEPT
uracil
Which of the following is a component of RNA only?
uracil
A semipermeable membrane, which permits water movement but not ion movement, separates two solutions. Solution A contains 0.9% NaCl and solution B contains 9.0 % NaCl. With respect to this system, which of the following statements would be true?
water would move from solution A to solution B
