Chapter 3. Communication and the Self

By helping someone avoid embarrassment in a situation where person's dignity is threatened, you are helping that person to "save ____________."

Face

Important component of our desired public image are called ________ needs.

Face

The behaviors we use to protect our desired public image are called

Facework

The part of our identity known as the _______ face refers to the need to have others like and accept us.

Fellowship

Which of the following risky behaviors is an individual with high self esteem most likely to engage in?

Getting into fights

Researcher Myra Goldschmidt found that, when people ask others for favors, they often create ________ that help maintain their image while still being persuasive.

Narratives

People who have a low self-concept generally approach the world in a ________ manner.

Negative

_________ aspects of self-concept are based on facts, not opinions.

Objective

It is often difficult for people to judge themselves

Objectively

The risk of _______ others involves pressuring someone to self-disclose even if he or she is not comfortable doing so.

Obligating

The ________area of the Johari window comprises aspects of your self-concept that are not know either to you or to others.

Unknown

Demetria is very pleased with her new employee, Zee, after Zee's first month on the job.

Very shy

Which of the following best explains why self-concepts are not easily changed?

We tend to seek out people who will confirm our self-concept

Jorge and Geoff were introduced by mutual friends, found they shared several hobbies and, over the course of a year, came to know each other well enough that each now considers the other a close friend. Did their friendship follow the usual pattern of self-disclosure?

Yes

Erving Goffman coined the term ______, which describes our desired public image.

"face"

Nalia has reached a thousand Twitter followers, a number that gives her a sense of accomplishment.

"Occasionally her father is verbally abusive,"

Because of a visible disability, Brandon is consistently picked on by peers. [Find the statement of self-esteem]

"Taking pride in his work in the school."

Yui is tutoring Jorge on math, a subject that Jorge despises. [find the High emotional intelligence]

"Volunteered to do"

Which of the following are ways in which you can protect yourself when communication in electronically mediated ways?

-Be careful what you say -Protect your personal information -Think twice before posting photos. -Don't say or show something you wouldn't want shared -Assume that anything you communicate can be shared

Which of the following are benefits of having high self-esteem?

-Being more outgoing -Being comfortable initiating relationships with others -Being willing to communicate

According to social penetration theory, getting to know someone requires sharing disclosures that have what?

-Depth -Breadth

Which of the following are potential risks of self-disclosure?

-Hurting others -Obligating others -Violating privacy

Which of the following aspects of self-concept are objective?

-I am a basketball player. -I have brown hair. -I live in Chicago.

Which of the following accurately describes the need for inclusion in the interpersonal needs theory?

-If the need for inclusion is not met, the result can be mental and physical distress. -Even "loners" need some interaction with others. -The need for inclusion is stronger for some and weaker for others.

Which of the following statements about self-esteem are correct?

-If you are pessimistic about your abilities, you probably have low self-esteem. -If you have high self-esteem, you feel happy about yourself.

There is a stronger relationship between happiness and self-esteem in _________ cultures than in _______ cultures.

-Individualistic -Collectivistic

Which of the following are true about reciprocity?

-It is a key benefit of self-disclosure. -It can be defined as mutual disclosure. -Sharing personal information may make others uncomfortable.

In which of the following scenarios is the person challenging gender role expectations (in most cultures)?

-Maria tried out for footblall and is hoping she will be chosen as quarterback. -Trayvon loves working with children and he has applied to colleges with good early childhood education departments.

Being a low self-monitor rather than a high self-monitor has some advantages, namely that low self-monitors.

-May be seen as more genuine and trustworthy. -Care less about what others think -Are more straightforward communicators

Which is true about self-monitoring?

-People who are high self-monitors will adapt their communication based on how people react to them. -People who are low self-monitors care little about how they affect others.

Which of the following behaviors might you expect from someone with a low self-concept?

-Responding poorly to criticism -Being judgmental

Which of the following purposes are served through self-disclosure with a close friend?

-Sharing information about your life -Maintaining the strength of your relationship -Requesting support when needed

Which of the following are examples of using self-disclosure to assist others?

-Sharing memories about your childhood with a friend to improve your friendship. -Disclosing your HIV status to a sexual partner

Will Schutz's interpersonal needs theory proposed that self-esteem interacts with which important interpersonal needs to affect our communication with others?

-The need for control -The need for inclusion -The need for affection

Which of the following are among the challenges people with "invisible" medical conditions face when managing multiple identities?

-They must continually decide who to tell about their condition. -They may face negative reactions if they disclose their condition.

Which of the following is true concerning the way in which self-fulfilling prophecies affect how we communicate?

-When we believe we are going to fail, we may act in ways that facilitate failure -Other peoples expectations can cause us to behave in expectancy-confirming ways. -Sometimes our expectations influence our communication behavior. -Sometimes other people's expectations influence our communication behavior.

Which of the following is true about the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy?

-Your expectations come true. -You act in ways consistent with your expectations -You have certain expectations about what will happen.

When creating an online profile that will be viewable by your boos, which of the following items might you choose to share as part of your open area of the Johari window?

-Your fear of heights -Pictures of you at your sister's wedding -Your love of dogs

In social penetration theory, getting to know someone closely requires self-disclosures that have _______, covering a wide range of topics, as well as __________, meaning the disclosures are intimate.

-breadth -truthfulness

According to the interpersonal needs theory, the need for ______ is the need to feel loved and appreciated by others.

Affection

What is a face-threatening act?

An act that fails to fulfill one or more face needs

Compared to people with low self-esteem, people with high self-esteem tend to

Be more expressive of their affection.

Self-monitoring can be described as a(n)______ of your appearance and behavior.

Awareness

Facework is comprised of the _______ we use to project the public image we want to have.

Behaviors

Facework is comprised of the _______ we used to project the public image we want to have.

Behaviors

The _______area of the Johari window includes what others know about you, but you don't recognize in yourself.

Blind

The range of topics one discusses with people is known as

Breadth

Image management is a(n) ________ process that often requires negotiating several identities in a complex way.

Collaborative

According to the interpersonal needs theory, the need for __________ is the need to maintain some degree of influence in our relationships.

Control

A response that minimizes a face-threatening act is known as a ________ mechanism.

Defence

A relationship in which neither partner discusses previous romantic involvements is characterized by shallow.

Depth

Which of the following relationships is most likely an exception to the norm of reciprocity?

Doctor--patient

People with high self-esteem have an enhanced ability to recognize and manage emotions. This skill is called________.

Emotional intelligence

One of the key benefits of self-disclosure is ________, which can alleviate guilt or reduce stress.

Emotional release

Disclosing information to third parties without permission from the people being discussed is called______, and we risk hurting people and damaging their trust in us by participating in this behavior.

Gossip

Which of the following is a key benefit of self-disclosure?

Helping others

In creating an online profile, you include in your "interests" that you collect stamps, but you do not include that you enjoy hunting is part of what area of the Johari window?

Hidden

In creating an online profile, you include in your "interests" that you collect stamps, but you do not include that you enjoy hunting. In this case, hunting is part of what are of the Johari window?

Hidden

The _______area of the Johari window is what you know about yourself but choose not to reveal.

Hidden

Which part of the Johari window describes characteristics that are known to the self but not to others?

Hidden

Communication scholar Joseph Walther characterizes online disclosure as _______, meaning that the communication is not only personal but also contains more private information than people would typically share face-to-face.

Hyperpersonal

Self-disclosure online poses increased risks because it often involves sharing information that is

Hyperpersonal

The way one wishes to be perceived by others is one's ________.

Image

Which of the following describes the process of behavioral adjustment to project a desired image?

Image management

According to the interpersonal needs theory, the need for ________ is the need to belong to the social group, to be a part of others' activities, and to have positive human contact.

Inclusion

One positive aspects of the disinhibition effect is that it can feel____ because we express ourselves freely.

Liberating

According to Dan McAdams, each of us develops a _________, a way of presenting ourselves to others that is based on our self-concept but also influenced by other people.

Life story

People with autism are _____. The disorder inhibits their ability to interact socially and, therefore, their ability to understand others' thoughts and feelings. The result is that they might not notice how others react to them and have difficulties adjusting their behavior accordingly.

Low self-monitors

Because of the disinhibition effect, you might share ______ information about yourself in online communication than you would in face-to-face communication.

More

Researchers suggest that racial discrimination is ________ damaging to men _________ women

More; than

In most cases, our reference groups are

Our peers

Raising students' self-esteem might cause them to perform more poorly because they could become

Overconfident in their natural abilities.

The danger of presenting an image that isn't genuine is that

People may not take you seriously or see you as untrustworthy.

A situation in which a prediction causes people to act and communicate in ways that make that prediction come true is a phenomenon known as a self-fulfilling_________.

Prophecy

Self-disclosure is usually

Reciprocal

Mutual disclosure is also known as ______.

Reciprocity

One benefit of self-disclosure, encouraging others to share when we share, is known as

Reciprocity

Sociologist Charles Horton Cooley conceived of the "looking-glass self" to explain how works.

Reflected appraisal

Reacting negatively to a disclosure is an example of ________, one of the risks of self-disclosure.

Rejection

Which of the following are potential risk of self-disclosure?

Rejection Chance of obligating others Hurt to others Violation of other people's privacy

In which of the following relationships would high degrees of both breadth and depth of self-disclosure be necessary?

Romantic relationships Close friendships

One's identity, which is composed of the stable ideas that a person holds about herself, is also known as

Self-Concept

All the different ways you would describe yourself (woman, American, daughter, quick-witted) are pieces of your multifaceted, overall

Self-concept

If Ali tells his girlfriend of six months that he wants to have children because he is unsure that she knows this about him, he has engaged in

Self-disclosure

___________ refers to a person's subjective evaluation of their own worth or value.

Self-esteem

Managing multiple identities means that we ______ to different people in our lives.

Show different parts of ourselves

Emotional intelligence is a

Skill

Self-disclosure usually happens_____ in most relationships (not including those formed online).

Slowly

What we call the self is actually made up of a collection of

Smaller selves

Reference groups form the basis of _______ comparison.

Social

Aspect of our self-concept that are based on impressions rather than on facts are

Subjective

____________aspects of our self-concept are based on our impressions of ourselves rather than on objective facts.

Subjective

Patti has worked in the same job for ten years. When she finds out she's pregnant, she is excited but also uncertain about how much information she should disclose to her boss, Aretha, and her colleague, Sam, with whom she is very close. Which of the following would be the most appropriate self-disclosure with her boss, Aretha?

Tell her that she is pregnant and plans to take the company's standard amount of maternity leave.

Which face or faces of marginalized people is usually affected by face-threatening acts?

The autonomy, fellowship, and competence faces.

Why is image management challenging for sexual minorities?

They often face discrimination based on their sexual orientation.

Often, people only become consciously aware of their face needs when those needs are

Threatened

For an act of communication to be considered self-disclosure, the speaker must believe it to be

True

True or False: Genetics helps to determine personality.

True

True or False: Women self-disclosure more often than men.

True

Self-disclosure with people we like, no matter the type of relationship, reinforces the _______ we share with those people.

Trust

What must be true for something to be considered a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Your expectation causes the prophecy to be fulfilled.

At what period in life are changes in self-concept often the most pronounced?

ages 14 to 23

Which of the following is an example of reflected appraisal?

feeling bad about yourself after your best friend tells you that you are annoying.

The Johari window divides the self into a total of ___________ parts.

four