Chapter 3 Fire Behavior
The freezing and boiling points of water in the Celsius scale are ___ degrees and ___ degrees. (90)
0, 100
When water is converted to steam, it expands approximately ___ times. (131)
1700
Normally, air consists of how much oxygen? (103)
21%
Pyrolysis begins at temperatures below ___. (100)
400 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT (204 DEGREES CELSIUS)
A chemical reaction occurs when ___. (87)
A SUBSTANCE CHANGES FROM ONE TYPE OF MATTER TO ANOTHER
While not generally used for extinguishment in structure fires, limiting the fire's ___ can be a highly effective fire control action. (132)
AIR SUPPLY (VENTILATION)
The simplest method of fuel removal is to allow what to happen? (131)
ALLOW THE FIRE TO BURN UNTIL THE FUEL IS CONSUMED
Combustion is a ___. (87)
AN EXOTHERMIC CHEMICAL REACTION THAT IS A SELF-SUSTAINING PROCESS OF RAPID OXIDATION OF A FUEL, THAT PRODUCES HEAT AND LIGHT
Class B fires can be extinguished with ___. (110)
APPROPRIATELY APPLIED FOAM AND/OR DRY CHEMICALS
___ ignition temperature is the temperature to which the surface of a substance must be heated for ignition and self-sustained combustion to occur. (90)
AUTO
___ ignition without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors. (90)
AUTO
___ is the instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen-depleted confined space. (122)
BACKDRAFT
The ___ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit. (89)
BTU
Organic fuels contain ___, inorganic fuels do not. (96)
CARBON
___ is a colorless, odorless, heavier than air gas that neither supports combustion nor burns. (108)
CARBON DIOXIDE
___ is a colorless, odorless, dangerous gas formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon. (108)
CARBON MONOXIDE
___ is likely the most common fire gas. (108)
CARBON MONOXIDE
Flaming combustion is an example of a ___. (106)
CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION
___ energy is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions. (91)
CHEMICAL HEAT
An exothermic heat reaction is a ___. (87)
CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN TWO OR MORE MATERIALS THAT CHANGES THE MATERIALS AND PRODUCES HEAT, FLAMES, AND TOXIC SMOKE
An endothermic chemical reaction is a ___. (87)
CHEMICAL REACTION IN WHICH A SUBSTANCE ABSORBS HEAT ENERGY
Class D fires involve ___. (111)
COMBUSTIBLE METALS
As a firefighter, you need to understand the ___ process and how fire behaves in different materials and in different ___. (85)
COMBUSTION, ENVIRONMENTS
A ___ is defined as a fire that occurs within an enclosed room or space within a building. (112)
COMPARTMENT FIRE
When extinguishing Class C fires, make sure extinguishing agent does not ___. (111)
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
___ is the transfer of heat within a body or to another body by direct contact. (94)
CONDUCTION
___ is the transfer of heat energy from a fluid to a solid surface. (95)
CONVECTION
Solid fuels and liquid fuels with high flash points can be extinguished by ___. (130)
COOLING
The primary mechanism of extinguishment with Class A fires is ___. (110)
COOLING
___ depends on reducing the temperature of a fuel to the point where it does not produce a sufficient vapor to burn. (130)
COOLING
When possible, ___ on Class C fires before extinguishing efforts begin. (111)
DE-ENERGIZE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
The ___ stage of fire development is when fuel is consumed and energy release diminishes, and temperatures decrease. (121)
DECAY
At normal oxygen levels, Nomex ___ (104)
DOES NOT BURN
Class C fires involve ___. (110)
ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
Class B fires involve ___. (110)
FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS AND GASES
___ is the temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite, but not sustain, combustion. (98)
FLASH POINT
___ is the rapid transition between the growth and the fully developed fire stages. (118)
FLASHOVER
If a building is not properly ventilated, any of the following can happen. (86)
FLASHOVER, BACKDRAFT, OR SMOKE EXPLOSION
Removing the ___ effectively extinguishes any fire. (131)
FUEL SOURCE
The ___ stage of burning process is where enrgy release is at maximum rate and is limited only by availability of fuel and oxygen. (121)
FULLY DEVELOPED
The ___ stage is the early stage of a fire during which fuel and oxygen are virtually unlimited. (116)
GROWTH
The principle of ___ is the reason that SCBA cylinders feel warm after they have been filled. (93)
HEAT OF COMPRESSION
___ is generated when a gas is compressed. (93)
HEAT OF COMPRESSION
The movement of two surfaces against each other creates ___. (93)
HEAT OF FRICTION
Of the general types of combustion products, which have the most impact on firefighters? (107)
HEAT, SMOKE
Three general type of products of combustion are ___. (107)
HEAT, SMOKE, AND LIGHT
For a fire to develop there must be enough air available to support burning beyond the ___ stage. (127)
INCIPIENT
The ___ stage is the first stage of the burning process. (114)
INCIPIENT
Fire development stages in a compartment include ___. (113)
INCIPIENT, GROWTH, FULLY DEVELOPED, DECAY
Since electricity does not burn, the fuel in a Class C fire is usually ___ or ___. (111)
INSULATION ON WIRING, LUBRICANTS
___ energy is the energy possessed by a moving object. (89)
KINETIC
Class K fires involve ___. (112)
KITCHEN GREASES AND OILS
A firefighter's ability to predict what will happen in the fire environment may be hampered by ___. (85)
LIMITED INFORMATION, TIME PRESSURE, AND OUR LEVEL OF UNDERSTAND OF FIRE BEHAVIOR.
In thermal layering the cooler gases tend to be in the ___ layer. (117)
LOWER
The ___ is the minimum concentration of fuel vapor and air that supports combustion (105)
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT
___ is generated by friction or compression. (93)
MECHANICAL HEAT ENERGY
Materials that are ___ in water will mix in any proportion. (99)
MISCIBLE
Materials that burn at normal oxygen levels will burn ___ in oxygen-enriches atmospheres. (104)
MORE INTENSELY AND MY IGNITE MORE READILY
A fire in a large compartment will develop ___ than one in a small compartment. (127)
MORE SLOWLY
The interface of the hot and cooler gas layers at the opening is commonly referred to as the ___. (117)
NEUTRAL PLANE
Some solid fuels can undergo oxidation at the surface of the fuel. This is called ___. (87)
NONFLAMING COMBUSTION
Class A fires involve ___. (110)
ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
___ are not combustible but like oxygen, they will support combustion. (103)
OXIDIZERS
Reducing the ___ available to the combustion process reduces a fire's growth and may totally extinguish it over time. (131)
OXYGEN
The fire triangle consists of all of the following. (87)
OXYGEN, FUEL, HEAT
The fire tetrahedron consists of all of the following. (87)
OXYGEN, FUEL, HEAT, SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION
___ are materials that absorb heat but do not participate actively in the combustion reaction. (96)
PASSIVE AGENTS
To understand fire, basic concepts from ___ must be understood. (86)
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Physical science includes the sciences of ___ and ___. (86)
PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY
___ ignition occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external heat source with sufficient heat energy to start the combustion reaction. (90)
PILOTED
___ energy is stored energy possessed by an object that can be released in the future to perform work. (89)
POTENTIAL
Energy exists in two states, ___ and ___. (89)
POTENTIAL, KINETIC
Combustible metals are especially hazardous in their ___ form. (111)
POWDERED
___ is the chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat. (90)
PYROLYSIS
___ is the transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave without and intervening medium. (95)
RADIATION
Fuel in a combustion reaction is known as the ___. (96)
REDUCING AGENT
Firefighters need an understanding of fire behavior that permits them to recognize developing fire conditions and be able to ___. (85)
RESPOND SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY TO MITIGATE THE HAZARDS PRESENTED BY THE FIRE ENVIRONMENT.
___ describe a condition where the unburned fire gases accumulated at the top of a compartment ignite and flames propagate through the hot gas layer or across the ceiling. (118)
ROLLOVER (FLAMEOVER)
The main mechanism of extinguishment for Class K fires is ___.
SAPONIFICATION
___ is a form of extinguishment where extinguishing agents turn fats and oils into a soapy foam that extinguishes the fire.
SAPONIFICATION
The ___ and ___ are the factors that separate flaming combustion from slower oxidation reactions. (106)
SELF-SUSTAINED CHEMICAL REACTION, RELATED RAPID GROWTH
Liquids have mass and volume, but no definite ___ (except for a flat surface). (97)
SHAPE
Gases have mass but no definite ___ or ___. (97)
SHAPE, VOLUME
Self-heating is also known as ___. (91)
SPONTANEOUS HEATING
Preexisting ventilation is the actual and potential ventilation of a structure based on ___. (128)
STRUCTURAL OPENINGS, CONSTRUCTION TYPE, BUILDING VENTILATION SYSTEMS
What are the three main things happening within the burning compartment just before flashover? (120)
TEMPERATURES ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING, ADDITIONAL FUEL IS BECOMING INVOLVED, FUEL IN THE COMPARTMENT IS GIVING OFF COMBUSTIBLE GASES BECAUSE OF PYROLYSIS
An example of slow oxidation is ___. (87)
THE COMBINATION OF OXYGEN WITH IRON TO FORM RUST
An example of rapid oxidation is ___. (87)
THE COMBUSTION OF METHANE
The "surface-to-mass ratio" is defined as. (101)
THE SURFACE AREA OF THE FUEL IN PROPORTION TO THE MASS
The ___ of gases is the tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature. (117)
THERMAL LAYERING
In thermal layering the hottest gases tend to be in the ___ layer. (117)
TOP
According to NFPA 1001, those qualified at the Fire Fighter I level must know all of the following EXCEPT. (86)
TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Many people believe that fire is ___. (85)
UNPREDICTABLE
When fire development is limited by air supply, the fire is said to be ___. (113)
VENTILATION CONTROLLED
A physical change occurs when a substance ___. (87)
WHEN A SUBSTANCE REMAINS CHEMICALLY THE SAME BUT CHANGES IN SIZE, SHAPE, OR APPEARANCE
Resistance heating is defined as ___. (92)
WHEN ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH A CONDUCTOR, PRODUCING HEAT
If a window fails or a door is opened on the ___ side of the building, fire intensity and spread can increase significantly. (129)
WINDWARD
___ occurs when a force is applied to an object over a distance. (89)
WORK
Heat can be transferred from one body to another by what three mechanisms? (93)
a. conduction b. convection c. radiation
When first arriving on scene, what are main concerns to a firefighter? (86)
a. smoke and flames may be threatening to trapped occupants b. fire may spread to another structure or group of structures c. the room in which the fire started may be close to flashover
